A.P - 8

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• Churchill was a man with many talents. He was an artist, a butterfly enthusiast, and he had an unpublished manuscript about aliens
• Churchill had an insatiable thirst for knowledge
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• In 1902, Benito Mussolini moves from Italy to Switzerland to avoid military service
• Mussolini's early life

  1. Gets big into socialism

  2. Works for trade unions

  3. Writes for socialist newspapers

  4. Advocates a violent overthrow of European monarchies

  5. Gets arrested and sent back to Italy

  6. Completes military service

  7. Returns to work as an avid socialist
• Mussolini's speeches and journalistic abilities made him famous among Italian socialists
• When Italy colonised Libya in 1910

  Mussolini rioted and got arrested
• During WW1

  Mussolini initially protested Italy's involvement, then became pro-war
• Mussolini's fellow socialists kicked him out of the party due to his new pro-war stance
• Fascismo


  A new movement Mussolini created, not based on class divisions but on unity through nationality, to guide the Italian nation to greatness
• Italy had been on the winners' side in WW1, but only got a little out of it and felt cheated
• A bad economy and weak governments meant the Italian people were unhappy
• When Mussolini came along and said he could fix everything


  His fascist movement gained a lot of support
• Mussolini becoming Prime Minister

  1. Goes to the King and says 'Make me prime minister, or I'll make me prime minister'

  2. The King says 'You and what army?'

  3. Mussolini establishes a dictatorship with himself at its centre
• Germany had been on the losers' side in WW1 and got absolutely wrecked by the Treaty of Versailles
• A bad economy and weak governments meant the German people loved Hitler when he said he could fix everything
• Hitler's rise to power


  1. Helps start a new political party

  2. Attempts a march on Munich in 1923 and gets arrested

  3. Becomes Chancellor in 1933

  4. Establishes a dictatorship with himself at its center
• Hitler and Mussolini had a lot of the same ideas and enemies, and started to get along
• Japan had isolated itself from the rest of the world for over 200 years until the Americans showed up
• Japan's economy was bust due to the 'Unequal Treaties' imposed by the Western powers
• Japan couldn't take on the West


  So they decided to go to war with China to gain a sphere of influence over Korea and take a bunch of China's stuff
• The West said Japan had to cut that out, but Japan said 'Screw this!' and went to war with Russia, winning
• In WW1, Japan took Germany's colonies and islands in Asia
• In an incident maybe staged by the Japanese army, a bomb blew up a Japanese train in Manchuria, giving them an excuse to launch an invasion and take over
• Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and Japan all believed they were racially superior, felt hostility towards the Allies, and wanted to militarise and take over more stuff
• Hitler undoing the Treaty of Versailles

  1. Sets up first Luftwaffe squadrons

  2. Introduces conscription

  3. Strengthens his army
• The Allies did nothing in response to Hitler's violations of the Treaty of Versailles
• Lebensraum


  Hitler's plan to rapidly increase the Aryan population by taking over the world, starting with a good portion of Europe
• Appeasement

  A diplomatic strategy used by the Allies, where they would give in to Hitler's demands to avoid conflict
• Hitler's territorial expansion


  1. Marches into Austria and takes it

  2. Demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia

  3. Invades the rest of Czechoslovakia after being promised he wouldn't
• Mussolini also wanted to get in on the action, occupying Albania and invading Ethiopia
• Japan launched an invasion against China after an incident at the Marco Polo Bridge
• Japan swept through Beijing and Shanghai, and then advanced through the Yangtze Valley
• Chamberlain was honoured with a statue and a day of celebration for achieving 'World Peace', but Hitler then invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia
• Mussolini wanted to invade an underdeveloped nation that would be easy to conquer, so he occupied Albania
• Japan launched an invasion against China, leading to atrocities committed against the Chinese people in Nanking