rizal 3c

• Datu


  Best lands reserved for, approves permission on location of settlement by villagers
• Regalian Doctrine


  Lands belonged to the King and given to Encomenderos
• Encomenderos

  Do not own the land but they are trustee, reward for helping in maintaining peace of the island
• Duty of the Encomenderos

  • Oversee that inhabitants are protected from their enemies
  • Inhabitants are given proper Christian instructions
  • They are civilized and loyal to Spain
  • Collect tax or tributes for the King
• Encomienda grants only up to 3 generations after which lands are reverted back to the government
• Individuals granted land

  • Chinese Son Tua - provided money to Spaniards during British invasion in manila while others sided British. He was granted from Marikina to eastern Manila
  • Juan Makapagal - remained loyal to Spain during 1660 Maniago Rebellion. He was granted the area from arayat to bataan
• Religious Orders granted land


  • Franciscans
  • Recollects
  • Augustinians
  • Dominicans
• Jesuits were expelled from Philippines (1768) and lost their lands
• Mayhaligue (Tondo)


  Land used for agricultural and business, rented out to tenants
• Hacienda de Naic, Cavite up to San Pedro Laguna


  Managed by Dominican Order
• Farmers

  Became tenants
• Dominican Haciendas

  San Pedro, Binan, Santa Rosa, Calamba
• Income sources for Dominican Order

  • University of Santo Tomas - constitution forbids royal subsidy, subsidy came from land rentals and student tuition
  • Colegio de San Juan de Letran
  • Hospital de San Gabriel
  • Support Dominican Mission in the Philippines, China and other countries
• Inquilinos


  Primary tenants who are dominantly mestizos and were managers than farmers of haciendas
• Kasamas


  Tenant farmers, they do the actual cultivation of land
• Payment

  Terciahan (70/30), the Kasama pays 1/3 of his produce while supplying all needs of production or 50/50 where Kasama share needs of production with Inquilino
• Kasamas borrow from Inquilino


  Pays interest (e.g. borrow 1 cavan of palay, pays 2 cavans)
• Kasama is indebted to the Inquilino, the Inquilino indebted to the landlord
• Landlords wait for harvests and collect rents
• Kasama is bound to the land and indebted
• Farmers do most of the work, exploited by the primary tenants and landlords
• Francisco Engracio Mercado


  Married to Teodora, leased land from Dominicans in Calamba
• Calamba


  Originally owned by Jesuits Order but reverted to the government when they were expelled from the Philippines in 1768
• Jose Azanza won the bidding for Calamba and managed it until 1831 but was forced to sell to the Dominican during financial difficulty
• Calamba hacienda was 2000 hectares from boundaries of Binan, Santa Rosa to Mt Makiling
• Mercado family


  Leased 500 hectares from Dominicans, hired sharecroppers, produced rice, corn, sugarcane
• Paciano


  Eldest son of Mercado and Teodora, assists in the farmlands, graduated Bachelor of Arts in Colegio de San Juan de Letran, leased additional lands from Dominican in Pansol, wrote to Jose Rizal (1883) to "refrain from upsetting the Friars because they were very kind to the family"
• Mercado family's rent was not required for the 1st 5 years, will only pay 15 pesos instead of the usual 25 pesos
• Teodora


  Accused of accomplice to a murder, Don Jose Alberto (trip in Europe)- Dona Teodora Formoso de Alberto (committing adultery) Teodora Formoso tried to reconcile with her husband who sought divorce, accused of committing adultery, badly treated by the Gobernardorcillo, walked 30 km from Calamba to Santa Cruz Provincial capitol
• Dominicans gave 2 lawyers to defend Teodora, she was detained for 2 years
• Rizal was able to enrol in 2 courses at the same time (preparatory course to medicine, first year medicine proper)
• Rizal returns to the Philippines from Europe in 1887


  Participated in protest against the Dominicans
• Church are exempted from paying taxes for faith activities but not for economic in nature
• Dominicans taking advantage of the tenants, landholdings are not exclusive to farm areas but also houses, raised rent every year, high interest rates, tenants disposed from their lands, high penalties when not pay on time, confiscated carabaos, tools and homes
• Rizal has been to Europe especially in Germany where he was exposed to Karl Marx
• Dominicans angry at Rizal, 1888 Rizal left Calamba for Europe, tenants were assisted by Lawyer Felipe Buencamino - not to pay rent to the Dominicans unless they show proof of ownership of the hacienda
• Justice of Peace in Calamba - tenants won, Provincial Court of Santa Cruz, Laguna - Dominicans won, Court in Manila - Dominicans won, Supreme Court in Madrid - Dominicans won
• Ruling - Tenants pay the Dominicans or expelled, expelled defiant tenants including the Rizal family, deported Paciano to Mindoro and other relatives to Bohol