pr 3,4 and 5

• Definition – define the research topic from the selected literatures.
• Occurrence – write significant happenings from around the world and other researches’

  results as to exemplify the research study.
• Occurrence – write significant happenings from around the world and other researches’

  results as to exemplify the research study.
• Fabrication – claiming unobtained and unconducted data or known to be self-made results to

  show that there is really a problem
• Falsification – modification of the data to show the degree or gravity of the problem
• Plagiarism – act of taking and using the same idea or word without citing the rightful owner
• Identification

  1. Identify the research topic, variable, or problem into key words. For example, on

  family problems, look for its synonyms and other relevant keywords like family

  conflicts, sibling issues, parental disagreement, etc.
• Locationlocate the available materials in the library or internet

  databases like Google Scholar, Crossref, Library Genesis, etc. Make sure the

  sources shall cover five (5) to ten (10) years’ timeframe because what is acceptable

  from the past might not be acceptable today.
• Analysis

  1. Skim the materials and identify the main idea and select the useful literature. Chunk

  it into relevant pieces and encode into the matrix sheet by noting the author’s name,

  published year, article or journal title, and its source.
• Synthesis

  1. After selecting chunked useful literature, paraphrase them through the American

  Psychological Association (APA) citations. Make sure not to copy and paste the

  selected literatures. These are the guidelines in citations:
• A literature review (or “relevant review of the literature”) is an objective, concise, critical

  summary of published research literature relevant to a topic being researched in an article. It is the

  heart and core of the research study. This only means that this part is an essential and integral part of

  doing research.
• Purpose of Literature Review

  The reasons why this part is the heart of the research study
• Reasons for Literature Review

  • To obtain background knowledge of your research
  • To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the world
  • To show the capacity of your research work to introduce new knowledge
  • To expand, prove or disapprove the findings of previous research studies
  • To determine what has already been done that relates to the topic
  • To prevent the researcher from unintentionally duplicating research that has already been conducted
  • To enable the researcher to acquire a full understanding of the topic
  • To provide the rationale for the research problem
• background of your study-

  should be able to present the research gap
• A research design - is the framework that has been created to seek answers to research

  questions.
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - The first step in any research project is to define the problem that the study will seek to

  address. The problem statement explains the rationale for engaging in qualitative research. A

  problem statement is a clear concise description of the dilemma or disturbing situation that needs to

  be addressed by a researcher for the purposes of providing understanding and direction.
• scope and delimitation - The scope of research study is a section of a research paper that explains what information or

  subject is being analyzed.
• delimitation of research study - is the explanation of the scope of study. This section

  allows the researcher to explain why certain aspects of a subject were chosen and why others were

  excluded.
• the significance of the study- the researcher should look into the general contribution

  of his study, such as its importance to society as a whole, and then proceed downwards towards its

  contribution to individuals and that may include himself as a researcher.
• Case Study -

  This type of qualitative research usually takes place in the field of social care, nursing,

  psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc. This involves a long-time study of a person,

  group, organization, or situation. It seeks to find answers to why such things occur to the

  subject. Finding the reason/s behind such occurrence drives you to also delve into

  relationships of people related to the case under study. Varieties of data collection methods

  such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, and documentary analysis are used in a

  case study.
• Ethnography -

  Falling in the field of anthropology, ethnography is the study of a particular cultural

  group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle.

  A particular group reveals the nature or characteristics of their own culture through the world

  perceptions of the cultural group's members.
• Narrative -

  Narrative inquiry is appropriate when the purpose of the inquiry is to understand the life

  experiences of individuals or small groups, and when the researcher seeks to gain a deeper

  understanding of the unique perspectives and lived experiences of the participants. Narrative

  research also allows researchers to gain a more in-depth understanding of participants
• Phenomenology -

  Coming from the word "phenomenon," which means something known through sensory

  experience, phenomenology refers to the study of how people find their experiences

  meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences about death of

  loved ones, care for handicapped persons, friendliness of people, etc. In doing so, other

  people will likewise understand the meanings attached to their experiences.
• Content and Discourse Analysis -

  Content analysis is a method of quantitative research that requires an analysis or

  examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication (letters, books,

  journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.)

  used by a person, group, organization, or any institution in communicating A study of language

  structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological,

  cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis.
• Historical Analysis -

  Central to this qualitative research method is the examination of primary documents to

  make you understand the connection of past events. to the present time. The results of your

  content analysis will help you specify phenomenological changes in unchanged aspects of

  society through the years.
• Grounded Theory -

  Grounded theory takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at

  the time of data collection and analysis. Through your observation on your subjects, you will

  happen to find a theory that applies to your current study. Interview, observation, and

  documentary analysis are the data gathering techniques for this type of qualitative research.
• Convenience Sampling - is simply collecting data from those people or other relevant

  elements to which he or she has most convenient access.
• Snowball Sampling - is referred to as chain referral sampling. One research participant refers

  to another, and those referrals refer to another, thus a chain of potential participants is

  identified.
• Purposive Sampling - has a target number of participants which include only people who

  meet very narrow or specific criteria.
• Quota Sampling - must identify categories that are important to the study and for which there

  is likely to be some variation. Subgroups are created based on each category and the

  researcher decides how many people to include from each subgroup and collects data from

  that number for each subgroup
• Participant observation deals with the researcher becoming a participant in the culture or

  environment being observed known to be field data.
• direct observation deals with the

  researcher watching rather than taking part through the use of technology in recording the

  phenomenon.
• Interview - involves direct interaction with the participant. Initially, the researcher may have

  guiding questions to ask about and be free to move the conversation in any direction of interest

  that may come up.
• Focus Group Discussion - consists of groups of people as participants and a trained

  facilitator who will guide the participants and the discussion. This often sparks debate and

  conversation, yielding lots of great information about the group’s opinion.
• Document Analysis - is a procedure in collecting and gathering the pre recorded data from

  documents, photographs, video, audio, and other materials for content analysis.
• Survey - is to collect a piece of detailed information where respondents have to write his/her

  opinion or perspective concerning a specific topic or issue, which are often open-ended

  questions.
• Research Questions - should generally be open-ended questions. It is important to remember

  that the participant has been chosen should allow him or her to speak about their experiences.
• Sub-questions - are known to be follow-up questions to extend the interviewee’s answers to

  previous questions, and probing and specifying questions.
• Transcription Materials - the researcher needs to record any potentially useful data

  thoroughly, accurately, and systematically, using field notes, sketches, audiotapes,

  photographs, video recorder, and other suitable means of recording. Transcribing is the next

  process after the data is collected in which to make an exact, word-for-word text version of the

  contents of the audio or video recordings.
• Familiarize the Data - thorough reading and rereading must be done in the first part of

  analyzing the data.