Thing to Memorize

• Are vitamins and minerals needed for generating energy from macros?

  Yes
• What are B-vitamins important in assisting?

  energy metabolism
• Are b vitamins waer soluable?

  yes, which means they cycle fairly quickly
• What do folate and vitamin b12 help with?

  cell regeneration and RBC synthesis
• What is thiamin?

  coenzyme of thiamin diphosphate (TDP)
• Is thiamin needed for the metabolism of glucose?

  Yes
• What is beriberi?

  thiamin deficiency
• What are the symptoms of beriberi?

  muscle wasting and nerve damage
• What is riboflavin involved in?

  oxi-redox reactions in the electron transport chain
• What is ariboflavinosis?

  riboflavin deficiency, sore throat and swollen mucus membranes
• What is the function of niacin?

  oxi-redox reactions of carbs, proteins, and fats
• What is pellegra?

  niacin deficiency
• What are the symptoms of niacin?

  dermatitis, diarreha, and dementia
• What is the role of pyridoxine in the body?

  amino acid and carb metabolism
• What is pyrodoxine toxicity?

  toxicity from high dose supplements.
• What does a pyridoxine deficiency result in?

  skin, blood, nerves

  anemia, convulsions, depression, nd confusion
• What is patothenic acid involved in?

  metabolism (coenzyme A)
• What is biotin involved in?

  carb, fat, and protein metabolism
• What causes a deficiency in biotin?

  raw egg whites, intraveinous food
• What is choline involved in?

  fat and cholesterol metabolism
• What is a choline deficiency?

  fat accumulation in liver
• How does B-vitamin intake affect performance?

  physical activity, and poor work performance
• What does Iodine help regulate?

  thyroid hormones. regulate body temp and energy metabolism
• What is hypothyroidism?

  low thyroid hormone, lower body temperate, weight gain, fatigue, and slugishness
• What does chromium help with?

  transport glucose from the blood stream into cells
• What does a chromium deficiency induce?

  inhibit glucose uptake into cells, causes a rise in glucose and insulin levels
• What does manganese do in the body?

  cofactor in protein, fat, and carb metabolism
• What does a manganese toxicity induce?

  impairs the nervous system, causes spasms and tremors
• What does sulfur help with in the body?

  component of thiamin and biotin
• Cations

  sodium, potassium
• Anions

  Chloride, phosphorous
• Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance.
• What are the ions that regulate discharge in nerves?

  Sodium and potassium ions
• Electrolytes signal for muscles to contract.
• What is sodium?

  major extracellular cation, allows cells to maintain fluid balance
• Sodium helps maintain fluid balance and blood pressure regulation
• Sodium helps in the transmission of nerve signals
• Hyperatremia?

  abnormally high sodium in blood. heart failure and kidney disease contributes to ineffective sodium excretions
• Hypernatremia causes high blood volume, edema, and high blood pressure
• Potassium is a major intracellular cation (+)