Biology paper 1

• DNA contains the code for the production of a particular protien
• Tumours can be Benign or malignant
• The stages of mitosis are prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
• A nerve cell consists of a bundle of neurones
• A dendron is a branch off a nerve that receives electrical impulses
• Muscles and glands are called effectors
• A synapse converts an electrical impulse into a chemical one and then back to an electrical impulse
• Non communicable disease examples are cancer, diabetes, and heart disease
• Vaccination= an inactive form of pathogen is introduced to the body, containing a specific antigen
• Antibiotics break down the cell wall of bacteria
• If you don’t complete a full course of antibiotics some will mutate and form resistant strains
• Double blind trials are a stage of clinical trials before a drug is released
• Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are not plants or animals.
• Malaria is spread by mosquitos carrying a protist
• Transmission could happen through direct contact, a vector, air or water
• Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient
• Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane
• Differentiation is a process where a cell changes to be specialised to its job
• Sperm cells have a long tail and are streamlined. Their midsection contains lots of mitochondria
• Amylase is found in the small intestine and converts starch into glucose
• Protease is found in the stomach and converts protien into amino acids
• Lipase is found in the pancreas and converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
• Magnification = image size/actual size
• Haploid means it has half the amount of chromosomes
• DNA is a polymer made up of nucleotides
• Alleles are different variations of the same gene
• The genotype is the collection of alleles that determine characteristics
• The human genome project allows us to search for genes linked to different types of disease
• Classification is dividing organisms into groups based off what they look like
• The 3 domains are archea prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• a gene pool is all of the alleles of a total population
• The Heart


  The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system
• The Heart and Respiration


  The heart and respiration are closely linked in the circulatory system
• Circulatory system


  Made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood
• Humans have a double circulatory system


  • Two circuits: oxygenated blood circuit and deoxygenated blood circuit
• Oxygenated blood circuit

  1. Heart (right ventricle)

  2. Lungs

  3. Heart
• Respiration


  The process of transferring energy from glucose
• Respiration occurs continuously in living cells