bio (1)

• Endocrine system

  Consists of glands that make hormones (chemical messengers)
• Types of endocrine gland

  • Endocrine gland/ductless gland
  • Exocrine gland
• Endocrine gland


  Releases secretions or products directly into the blood stream
• Exocrine gland


  Releases secretions or products through ducts
• Endocrine glands


  • Pituitary Gland
  • Pineal Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Parathyroid gland
  • Thymus gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal glands
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
• Pituitary Gland


  • Master gland because it controls the release of other hormones
  • Anterior Pituitary gland secretes FSH, LH, GH, TSH, PTH, Prolactin, ACTH
  • Posterior Pituitary gland secretes Oxytocin and ADH
• Pineal Gland


  • Secretes melatonin hormone for sleeping and breeding
• Thyroid Gland


  • Secretes T3, T4, Calcitonin
• Parathyroid gland


  • Secretes parathormone to raise blood calcium level
• Thymus gland


  • Controls the antibodies
• Pancreas


  • Secretes Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin
• Adrenal glands


  • Adrenal Cortex secretes Glucocorticoids (cortisol) and Mineralocorticoids

  Adrenal Medulla secretes Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
• Ovaries


  • Secrete Estrogen and Progesterone
• Testes


  • Secrete Testosterone
• Plant hormones


  • Auxin - Master growth regulator; cell elongation
  • Cytokinin - – cell division hormone; mitosis
  • Abscisic Acid – dormancy and stress hormone; Inhibits the effect of other hormones and the growth of buds; Regulates closing of the stomata
  • Gibberellic Acid - Promotes stem elongation and enzyme production in germinating seeds
  • Ethylene Brassinosteroids
  • Oligosaccharides
• Open circulatory system


  Primarily found in invertebrates, fluid called hemolymph, blood flow is slow
• Closed circulatory system


  Primarily found in vertebrates, fluid called blood, blood flow is rapid
• Components of circulatory system

  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatic system
• Heart


  • Pumps blood to all parts of the body, 60-100 beats per minute, 4 chambers (left and right atrium, left and right ventricle), enclosed by pericardium (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium)
• Blood


  Internal circulating medium of the human body, 55% plasma, 45% blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)