FINALS (ENGLISH)

• Parts of Research Paper

  • CHAPTER I: The Problem and Its Background
  • CHAPTER II: Review of Related Studies and Literatures
  • CHAPTER III: Methodology
  • CHAPTER IV: Results and Discussions
  • CHAPTER V: Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
• Introduction (Chapter I)


  Also known as the background of the study that gives the readers important information about the research being conducted
• Features of Introduction


  • It cites the reason why the researcher chooses to study a particular topic
  • It describes the setting or the place where the researcher will take place
  • It presents bases that may support or negate the claims of the researcher
  • It gives justification for the need for the research study
• Statement of the Problem


  Also called the heart of the research study, where the general and specific problems or objectives are presented
• Hypothesis


  • Defined as a temporary answer to a research problem
  • It serves as a guide as to what processes are needed in answering the research design to be undertaken in the study
• Types of Hypothesis


  • Scientific Hypothesis
  • Statistical Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis


  Suggest a negative relation between variables. It negates the existence of a characteristic or a difference in effect of the variables
• Alternative Hypothesis


  Suggest positive relation between variables. It affirms the existence of a characteristic or a difference in the effect of the variables
• Theoretical and Conceptual Framework


  Framework is described as the abstract, logical structure of meaning that guides the development of the study
• Theoretical Framework


  Adopted when a particular theory is enough to provide a theoretical basis for the conduct of the study
• Conceptual Framework


  Used when the concepts from different theories borrowed to provide bases for an investigation because one theory does not cover all the concerns of the study
• Significance of the Study

  Explains how the study will be beneficial to the different stakeholders of the society
• Significance of the Study


  • Solving a particular problem or addressing a particular need
  • Contributing additional knowledge to what already exists
  • Bridging the gap of knowledge
  • Improving social, economic, cultural, socio-political conditions and research methods
• Scope


  Covers the explanation as to what extent the researcher would want to explore to interpret the research
• Limitations


  Conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may cause restrictions and make the conclusions to be generalizable only to the conditions set by the researcher
• Delimitations


  Conditions that the researcher purposely controlled. These are the limits beyond the concern of the study
• Conceptual Definition


  Explains the meaning of the term using the dictionary. These are based on established concepts and ideas that have been already defined
• Operational/Theoretical Definition


  Describes a term by how the researcher used it in the study
• Review of Related Studies and Literatures (Chapter II)


  Involves a process of identifying, locating, organizing, and analyzing information about the research topic
• Functions of Literature Review


  • It provides information about past research studies to the intended investigation, preventing the duplication of research undertakings
  • It presents gaps in the field of the study
  • It affords confidence and authority to the researchers
  • It gives information about the methods used in similar studies
  • It enumerates findings from previous studies that may support those of the present study
  • It provides ideas on how implications may be drawn out of the analysis and interpretation of data
• Introduction (Chapter II)


  Briefly discusses the research problem and the significance of the study
• Body (Chapter II)


  Contains a narrative of relevant ideas and findings found in the reports of other researchers that support the present research problem
• Synthesis (Chapter II)


  Ties together the main ideas revealed in the review of related literature
• Bibliography (Chapter II)


  Contains the full bibliographic information of all the sources mentioned in the review
• Types of Sources


  • General References
  • Primary Sources
  • Secondary Sources
  • Tertiary Sources
• Parts of the Review of Related Literature
• Types of sources


  • Primary sources
  • Secondary sources
  • Tertiary sources
• Primary sources


  Provide first-hand information about experts' and other researcher's publications. These publications contain findings that are directly communicated to the readers and interested parties.
• Secondary sources


  Written by authors that describe another researcher's works. These materials or documents may contain only summaries or interpretations of the research reports rather than a complete description of them.
• Tertiary sources


  Books and articles based on secondary sources. It synthesizes and explains the work of others.
• Parts of the Review of Related Literature


  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Synthesis
  • Bibliography
• Introduction


  Briefly discusses the research problem and the significance of the study. It may also present the organization of the discussion of the claims and arguments of experts and researchers aligned with the topic of interest.
• Body


  Contains a narrative of relevant ideas and findings found in the reports of other researchers that support the present research problem. It must be stressed that the review of literature is not simply a listing and discussion of research findings, but it must be organized to form a story.
• Synthesis


  Ties together the main ideas revealed in the review of related literature. It presents an overall picture of what was established up to the present, and perhaps how the review can support the development of the research conducted.
• Bibliography


  Contains the full bibliographic information of all the sources mentioned in the review. This information list is needed in building the References section of the research report. This is where the APA Style (6th Edition) of documentation is to be used.
• APA style is the most common way to cite sources in the field of social sciences
• APA in-text citation


  The author's surname and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text
• APA reference list


  A complete reference should appear in the bibliography section of the research paper
• APA citation for a work by two authors

  • Name of both authors in the parentheses whenever their work is cited. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand (&) in the parentheses.
• APA citation for a work by three to five authors


  • Include the entire author's surname in parentheses the first time the source is cited. Use the word "and" between the authors' name within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses. In subsequent citations, only use the first author's surname followed by the words "et al." which means 'and others' in parentheses.