Bio Unit 5 Test

• Kingdom


  Classification of organisms based on specific characteristics
• Six Kingdoms of Life

  • Eubacteria
  • Archaebacteria
  • Protista
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Animalia
• Characteristics used to divide organisms into kingdoms

  • Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote)
  • Presence of cell walls
  • Body type (unicellular or multicellular)
  • Nutrition (heterotrophic or autotrophic)
• Domain


  Classification of all organisms into three groups based on Carl Woese's research in 1977
• Three Domains of Life

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
• Bacteria (Domain)


  Contains the kingdom Eubacteria, which are prokaryotes with cell walls made of peptidoglycan, and have diverse metabolic capabilities
• Archaea (Domain)


  Contains the kingdom Archaebacteria, which are prokaryotes with unique cell walls and membranes, including methanogens, extremophiles, and non-extreme archaebacteria
• Eukarya (Domain)


  Contains four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, which are eukaryotes with complex cell structures, multicellularity, and sexual reproduction
• Forms of Multicellularity


  • Colonial organisms (cells adhere but do not communicate)
  • Aggregations (temporary groupings of cells that join and disperse)
  • True multicellularity (cells communicate and coordinate activities, allowing for specialization and growth into large organisms)
• Protista (Kingdom)


  Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi, varying in size and exhibiting diverse modes of nutrition
• Groups of Protists


  • Protists with Pseudopodia
  • Protists with Flagella
  • Protists with Double Shells
  • Photosynthetic Algae
  • Fungus-Like Protists
  • Spore-Forming Protists
• Fungi (Kingdom)


  Mostly multicellular organisms (except yeast) with cell walls made of chitin, obtaining food by secreting digestive enzymes, and categorized into three phyla based on reproductive structures
• Plants (Kingdom)


  Complex multicellular autotrophs with specialized cells and tissues, reproducing with spores and seeds, and foundational in terrestrial ecosystems
• Types of Plants


  • Nonvascular plants
  • Seedless vascular plants
  • Nonflowering seed plants (gymnosperms)
  • Flowering seed plants (angiosperms)
• Animals (Kingdom)


  Complex multicellular heterotrophs with diploid cells lacking cell walls, exhibiting mobility, and categorized into various phyla, playing diverse roles in ecosystems
• Domains of life


  • Eukaryota
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
• Domains of life


  • Cell type
  • Cell walls
  • Body type
  • Nutrition
• Eukaryota is the most diverse domain
• Domain Bacteria is the oldest and most abundant
• Domain Bacteria includes disease-causing and helpful/useful examples like fermentation
• Archaebacteria


  Found in extreme places
• Archaebacteria


  • Methanogens (generate methane)
  • Extremophiles (thrive in extreme places)
  • Halophiles (salty)
  • Thermophiles (hot)
  • Acidophiles (acidic)
• Kingdoms under Eukaryota


  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
• Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are separated by sexual reproduction
• Multicellularity


  Cells communicate and work together, differentiate
• Complex Multicellularity

  Cells are highly specialized and form tissues and organs
• Types of Protists

  • Protists that use Pseudopodia
  • Protists with Flagella
  • Protists with Double Shells
  • Fungus-like Protists
  • Spore-Forming Protists (sporozoans)
• Fungi

  • Cell walls made of chitin
  • Absorb food
• Types of Fungi

  • Zygomycetes (sexually reproduce using zygosporangia)
  • Basidiomycetes (produces mushrooms)
  • Ascomycetes (reproduce sexually through asci)
• Yeast is the only fungi that is not multicellular
• Kingdom Plantae

  • Vascular tissues (transportation)
• Types of Plants

  • Non-vascular plant
  • Seedless Vascular Plant (fern, reproduce through spores)
  • Nonflowering Seed Plants aka Gymnosperms (produce through seeds but dont produce flowers, cones)
  • Flowering Seed Plants aka Angiosperms (produce flowers and seeds and sometimes fruits)
• Kingdom Animalia

  • Complex multicellular heterotrophs
  • 99 percent invertebrates
  • 35 percent phyla in animal kingdom
• Types of Animals

  • Sponges (no tissues, specialized cells)
  • Cnidarians (marine animals)
  • Flatworms (parasites,flat)
  • Roundworms (nematodes, parasites, long)
  • Segmented Worms (annelids, earthworm)
  • Mollusks (coelom,shell)
  • Arthropods (diverse, exoskeleton)
  • Echinoderms (invertebrates, regeneration of limbs)
  • Invertebrate Chordates (nerve chord)
  • Vertebrates (backbone, protects spinal cord)
• Viruses


  Segments of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat
• Viruses


  • Lack certain life properties like metabolism and reproduction independent of host cells
• Viruses discovered during investigations into tobacco mosaic disease

  Late 19th century
• Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)


  Composed of RNA and protein, not a living organism
• Viral structure


  • Capsid protein coat contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)
  • Most viruses have an envelope made of lipids, proteins, and glycoproteins
• Viral reproduction


  1. Viruses replicate by using host cell machinery

  2. Lytic cycle: Virus enters host cell, replicates, and destroys the cell

  3. Lysogenic cycle: Viral genes inserted into host chromosome, replicated with cell division