Psychologists

• Hollin


  Praises Lombroso for bringing criminality into the scientific realm
• Alison et al


  Top down approach is too naive and does not acknowledge how personality may change
• Canter - Top down approach


  Analysed 100 murders in USA and found evidence for the organised criminal
• Canter & Heritage - Bottom up approach


  Content analysis of 66 SA cases. Several characteristics analysed providing support for investigative psychology
• Canter & Lundrigan 


  Analysed 120 serial killer cases in the USA and found spatial consistency and effect more noticeable for marauders, evidence for cc theory
• Delisi

  Distinct racial undertones recognised by Lombroso aligns with beliefs of eugonic philosophies
• Goring 


  Studied physical and mental abnormalities in a sample of 3000 and found no physical evidence
• Lange

  MZ twins had a concordance rate of 10/13 for criminality in comparison to 2/17 DZ
• Christianson

  Studied twins and found concordance rate of 53% of MZ twins but 12% for DZ
• Tiihonen et al 


  Genetic analysis of 900 offenders which revealed abnormality in 2 genes associated with violent behaviour. MAOA - Dopamine and serotonin
• Keysers et al 


  Criminals asked to empathise with a person in pain and they did suggesting a neural switch for mirror neurons
• Katz et al


  Poverty, mental illnesses and emotional instability run in families
• Moffitt

  Different types of offenders possible
• Digman 


  There are more personality than Eysenck's theory suggests
• Farrington

  Not always the extraverts and neurotics commit crime
• Bartol & Holanchock 


  Studied hispanic and african americans and catagorised based on history, found to be less extraverted
• Chandler


  Criminals display poorer social-perspective taking skills
• Justye et al 


  Showed 55 violent offenders neutral expressions and they are more likely to take it as angry which may root from childhood
• Dodge & Frame


  Showed children video clips of ambiguous provocation. Those identified as aggressive and rejected beforehand took the situation as more hostile
• Barbaree

  26 incarcerated rapists, 54% denied their offence and 40% minimised the harm of their crime
• Pollock & Hashmale

  35% of child molesters argued the crime was non sexual, 36% argued the child consented
• Palmer & Hollin


  Delinquent offenders showed less mature reasoning according to a socii-moral reflection form
• Blackburn - Moral development

  Delinquents may show poor moral development due to a lack of role playing opportunities in childhood
• Gibbs 


  Removed the post-conventional stage of Kohlberg theory due to cultural bias.
• Bartol - Custodial sentencing


  Brutal, demeaning and generally devastating
• Prison reform trust

  25% of women and 15% of men are psychotic within prisons
• Maya & Achtenberg 


  Token economies are dehumanising and manipulative as prisonsers have to take part
• Bassett & Blanchard


  Benefits of token economies are lost with consistency
• Blackburn - Token economies


  Token economies have little rehabilitative value
• Blackburn - Anger management


  Benefits to anger management but they are short term as it is dependent on role play which may not be applicable to everyday
• Braithwaite


  Crime hurts and justice should heal
• Shapland 


  For everyone £1 spent on restorative justice, the CPS saves £8