Pe option

• The skeleton is the central structure of the body and is made up of bones, joints and cartilage

  
• Skeleton


  • Provides the framework for muscles and gives the body its defined human shape

  
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Support
  • Posture
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Blood cell production
  • Storage of minerals
• Joint


  A place where two or more bones meet, also called an articulation
• Synovial joint


  Freely movable joints that allow the free movement to perform skills and techniques during physical activity
• Synovial joints


  • Have synovial fluid in the joint cavity that lubricates the joint so it moves smoothly
  • The ends of the bones are covered with cartilage which cushions the joint and prevents friction and wear and tear
  • The bones are connected by ligaments which stabilise the joints during movement and prevent dislocation

  
• Ligaments


  Tough, fibrous and slightly elastic connective tissue that connect bone to bone and help keep the joint together

  
• Tendons


  Very strong, inelastic connective tissues that allow a muscle to pull on a bone to move it
• Four important synovial joints

  • Elbow
  • Shoulder
  • Knee
  • Hip

  
• Elbow joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Articulating bones are humerus, radius and ulna
  • Allows bending (flexion) and straightening (extension)
  • Muscles which move the elbow are biceps and triceps

  
• Knee joint


  • Hinge joint
  • Articulating bones are femur and tibia
  • Allows bending (flexion) and straightening (extension)
  • Muscles which move the knee are quadriceps and hamstrings

  
• Hip joint


  • Ball and socket joint
  • Articulating bones are pelvis and femur
  • Allows a large range of movement in all directions
  • Many muscles are used to move the hip joint, including the gluteals

  
• Shoulder joint


  • Ball and socket joint
  • Articulating bones are humerus and scapula
  • Allows a great range of movement in all directions
  • Many muscles are used to move the shoulder joint, including the deltoid, trapezius and latissimus dorsi

  
• Flexion


  Bending a joint, where the angle of the joint decreases
• Extension


  Straightening a joint, where the angle of the joint increases
• Abduction


  Movement away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  Movement towards the midline of the body
• Circumduction


  Where the limb moves in a circle
• Rotation


  Where the limb turns round its long axis
• Types of muscle


  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Skeletal muscle

  
• Voluntary/skeletal muscles


  Muscles under our conscious control that we use to make movements in physical activity and sport
• Main skeletal muscles


  • Deltoid
  • Trapezius
  • Pectorals
  • Triceps
  • Biceps
  • Abdominals
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Gluteals
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Gastrocnemius

  
• Antagonistic muscle pairs


  Muscles that work in pairs, where one contracts while the other relaxes or lengthens to produce movement
• Examples of antagonistic muscle pairs

  • Biceps and triceps
  • Hamstrings and quadriceps
  • Latissimus dorsi and deltoid

  
• Agonist


  The muscle that is contracting to produce the movement
• Antagonist


  The muscle that is relaxing or lengthening to allow the movement to occur
• Fixators


  Muscles that assist by supporting and stabilising the joint and the rest of the body
• The abdominals can act as fixators to stabilise the body for hip and knee movements
• Preparation and execution and recovery phase in football

  1. Hamstrings contract to flex the knee while quadriceps lengthen

  2. Quadriceps contract to extend the knee while hamstrings lengthen

  3. Abdominals act as fixators
• Abdominals


  • Can act as fixators to stabilise the body for hip and knee movements
• Antagonistic muscle pairs in action

  1. Preparation phase

  2. Execution phase

  3. Recovery phase
• Preparation phase in football

  1. Hamstrings contract to flex the knee

  2. Quadriceps lengthen to allow the movement
• Contact and recovery phase in football

  1. Quadriceps contract to extend the knee

  2. Hamstrings lengthen to allow the movement
• The abdominals would be acting as fixators
• To help people understand the different types of movement in sport, specific terminology is used so that it is clear exactly what types of movements have taken place in order to analyse that movement
• Lever


  Formed from bones, joints and muscles
• Components of a lever

  • A rigid structure (bone)
  • A force acting upon it (muscle) to produce a turning movement (angular motion)
  • A fulcrum which is a fixed point (joint)
  • A load or resistance that is placed on the rigid structure (weight of body part being moved and anything that it is carrying)
• First class lever


  • The fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load
• First class lever


  • Raising your head to head a football
• Second class lever


  • The load is in the middle between the fulcrum and the effort