micro

• Bacteremia

  The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
• Septic shock


  Final stage of sepsis wherein blood pressure drops so low that organ failure occurs: 50% mortality rate
• Puerperal Sepsis


  Sepsis arising during period of puerperium: recovery after childbirth, initiates in the uterus or other local surgical site, then spreads systematically, often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease


  Affects humans (300 cases per year in the US), symptoms: Dementia, insomnia, dysphagia, motor control problems, runs in families but also has been transmitted via corneal transplants and wounds, fatal within a year of symptom onset
• Bacterial Meningitis


  Inflammation of meninges, symptoms: Fever, headache, confusion, vomiting, neck stiffness, lead to coma, shock, and death, high mortality rate, progresses more rapidly and is more deadly than viral meningitis, commonly caused by Haemophilis influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis
• Loaisis


  Caused by roundworm loa loa (african eye worm), transmitted by larval stage by bloodsucking deer flies, worms migrate through skin and conjunctiva, causing temporary eye pain and itching but no lasting damage to eye
• Keratitis


  Inflammation of the cornea, caused by protozoans in the genus Acanthamoeba, reside in unchlorinated fresh water and soil, can lead to corneal ulceration and permanent damage unless treated quickly, improper contact lens use is a risk factor
• Ringworm


  Caused by dermatophyte fungi, requires keratin to survive, may infect skin, nails, scalp
• Lice


  Also called "Pediculosis", caused by pediculus humanus, legs are adapted to grasp hairs, colonize scalp and feed on blood of host, highly transmissable through direct contact, treated with topical insecticides or mechanical removal procedures
• Fifth Disease


  Caused by "Parvovirus B-19", droplet or direct contact transmission, cold-like symptoms followed by a facial rash that is brightest on the cheeks and spreads, common and mild among children; more serious
• Necrotizing Fasciitis


  Flesh-eating bacteria, most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, tissue is rapidly destroyed and mortality is >40%
• Staphylococcus


  Gram-positive, spherical, arranged in clusters
• Streptococcus


  Gram-positive, spherical, arranged in chains, and beta-hemolytic
• Zika Virus


  Emerging arbovirus endemic to tropical regions, but expanding with range of mosquitos, most cases are mild: fever, slight rash, conjunctivitis, infection during pregnancy can lead to brain damage and microcephaly in developing fetus, no vaccine developed
• Omicron


  More contagious but less severe than delta variant, enters the cell through endocytosis
• Diphtheria


  Caused by potent exotoxin produced by lysogenized corynebacterium diphtheria, a normal member of the throat microbiome that can become virulent after temperate bacteriophage
• Common Cold


  Caused by over 200 different viruses, optimal temp for rhinovirus is that of upper respiratory system, viral etiology so antibiotics are ineffective and medication may control symptoms
• Pneumococcal Pneumoniae


  Also called "Streptococcus Pneumoniae", can be caused by Haemophilus influenzae, high fever, difficulty breathing, chest pain, blood in the lungs, antibiotic treatment becoming more difficult, PCV prevents strain of S. Pneumoniae and vaccine prevent to influenzae, it can cause disease of the respiratory tract, but not of the gastrointestinal tract
• Tuberculosis


  Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, slow growing with waxy cell wall and resistance to many antimicrobials, multi-drug treatment lasting months or years, causes lesions in alveoli called "tubercles", CDC estimates 1/3 of the world is infected
• Walking Pneumonia


  Also called "Mycoplasma Pneumonia", caused by Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, airborne droplet transmission in community environments
• Pertussis


  Also called "Whooping cough", caused by Bordetella Pertussis, attach to ciliated cells in trachea and destroy them by releasing toxins, allowing mucus to flow towards lungs instead of stomach, severe, violent coughing that can lead to vomiting, broken, cessation of breath, highly contagious via droplet transmission, protected against in DTaP vaccine
• Cystitis


  Infection or inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually caused by "E. coli", common in females and rare in males, characterized by dysuria (difficult painful urination), pyruria (pus in urine), and hematuria (blood in urine), diagnosed with urine culture exhibiting >1000 CFUs/mL and leukocyte esterase test
• Cholera


  Caused by "Vibrio Cholerae", a Gram negative curved rod with one flagellum, colonize small intestine and release exotoxin that causes water and electrolytes to move out of host cells, up to 5 gallons of fluid can be lost in one day, through profuse diarrhea causing viscous blood, shock, and death, untreated mortality up to 50%; treated ~1%
• Syphilis


  Caused by "Gram-negative spirochete Treponema pallidum", from genital mucous membranes enters the blood and invades other body tissues, stages: primary (painless fluid-filled sore called a hard chancre), secondary (highly infectious oral sores and rash), latent (asymptomatic and often noncontagious), tertiary (gummas, large rubbery masses of tissue, develop on skin, mucous membranes, and organs)
• Salpingitis


  Infection of uterine tubes and most severe form of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PIV), scarring that can cause sterility, life-threatening ectopic pregnancy
• Gingivitis


  Inflammation or infection of the gingiva (gums) that affects ~50% of U.S. adults
• Salmonella Enterica


  Gram-negative, (Salmonellosis) - Caused by S. enterica and S. bongori, pass through intestinal mucus membranes to cardiovascular and lymphatic systems caused systemic disease, incubation period of 12-36 hours, fever, cramps, diarrhea, nausea lasting a few days to a week; self-limiting
• Warts


  Benign skin growths caused by papillomavirus, incubation period is multiple weeks, treated by freezing, drying, topical acid or lasers
• Trichonomiasis


  Caused by "flagellated protozoan", Trichonomonas vaginallis, often part of normal female vaginal and male urethra microbiome, may overgrow if normal vaginal microbiome is disrupted, itching, irritation, and large amounts of greenish yellow odorous discharge, diagnosed by microscopy of discharge or DNA test
• Herpes


  Caused by "herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2", HSV-1 primarily transmitted orally, ~65% of U.S. population infected, most infection asymptomatic but some manifest as temporary lesions around mouth ("cold sores"), HSV-2 primarily transmitted sexually, most infections asymptomatic but some manifest as temporary lesions in genital region
• E. coli Gastroenteritis


  Horizontal gene transfer or lysogeny can confer virulence on normally harmless E. coli, E. coli gastroenteritis is the most common cause of "traveler's diarrhea", enterotoxigenic (produces a thermostable toxin similar to cholera toxin; usually mild), enteropathogenic (destroy intestinal microvilli and secrete proteins causing diarrhea), enteroinvasive (invade and multiply in intestinal epithelial cells, causing systemic illness), enterohemorrhagic (release Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin) that can cause hemorrhaging in the colon or the kidney; reservoir is domestic cattle (30% are carriers))
• Septicemia


  A serious disease consisting of chills, fever, prostration and the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood, bacteremia wherein bacteria are reproducing and spreading via the blood
• Dengue Fever


  Caused by "dengue virus", transmitted by A. aegypti or A. albopictus mosquitoes, most infections are asymptomatic, symptomatic infections exhibit high fever, severe joint, bone, and muscle pain and internal hemorrhaging, a leading cause of death among children in endemic regions, exhibits antibody enhancement
• Ebola Virus


  Reservoir is fruit bats, transmitted by ingestion, direct contact, or indirect contact through fomites, extreme protective measures required, initial flu-like symptom progress to hemorrhaging from GI tract, skin, and other sites, usually leading to shock and death, mortality 90%, vaccines under development; 2 approved, but level of protection still unclear
• Hepatitis


  Inflammation of the liver caused by one of at least five viruses, Hepatitis B (transmission: sexual or parenteral, symptoms: similar to HAV but chronic infection may lead to liver failure or liver cancer, chronic infection?: yes, 90% of infants and up to 10% of adults, HBV vaccine available in US; 350 million chronic carriers worldwide), Hepatitis D (transmission: parenteral, symptoms: severe liver damage, high mortality rate, a chronic infection, only infects those who are already infected with HBV)
• Schistosomia Schistoma (Schistosomiasis)


  Caused by "flukes from the genus Schistosoma", invade through the skin while swimming or bathing in contaminated water, lay eggs in the human bloodstream and invade bladder or intestine, in chronic infection, eggs may lodge in tissues and cause scarring and organ damage
• Taeniasis (Tapeworms)


  Cause: Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), eggs shed in human feces and consumed by livestock, eggs hatch into larvae and lodge in livestock muscles, undercooked meat consumed by humans, larvae develop to adulthood in humans, symptoms: usually seen in the eyes and brain
• Tineas or Ringworm


  Caused by dermatophyte fungi, requires keratin to survive, may infect skin, nails, scalp, highly contagious but self-resolving, transmitted by direct contact with infected organisms (human or animal) or fomites, may be diagnosed with blacklight; fungus fluoresces under UV light