Science

• Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
• Nerves are made up of nerve cells called neurons that transmit electrical signals to other neurons or muscles.
• Nerves are long fibers that carry messages between parts of the body.
• There are two types of neurons: Sensory neurons carry signals towards the CNS, while motor neurons carry signals away from the CNS.
• The human body is made up of different systems, including the nervous system.
• Nerves carry messages between different parts of the body using neurotransmitters, which are chemicals released by neurons to communicate with other cells.
• Respiration is an exothermic reaction which transfers energy from glucose
• Cellular respiration occurs inside mitochondria
• mitosis takes place in any body cell that has 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical to the offspring
• Meiosis produces gametes (eggs or sperm)
• Meiosis is used when genetic variation is required
• Mitosis is used when growth and repair is needed
• Diffusion is gradual movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
• Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient
• Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to lower water concentration
• Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells
• The process of photosynthesis involves chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, light energy and water.
• Plants use photosynthesis to make their own food
• Phloem and xylem cells are specialised for transporting substances
• Phloem transports sugars downward through plants
• Xylem transports water and minerals upwards through plants
• Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
• The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves
• Nerves carry messages between different parts of the body
• Immunity to a disease is the ability of an organism to resist or recover from a disease
• The immune system protects the body from harmful substances, germs and cell changes
• Antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells that recognise specific pathogens (germs)
• Plant cells, tissues and organisms are adapted to their functions
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical change
• Homeostasis is a self regulating process that maintains a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment
• Biodiversity is the variety of different species in an ecosystem
• plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole
• Animal cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, meaning they oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer
• The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infra red radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays and gamma rays
• Radio waves can be used to transmit sound or images over long distances without wires
• Radioactive decay is a random process that occurs in all atoms and is the basis of radioactive dating
• Lamps and diodes are used to convert alternating current to direct current
• Waves are vibrations that transfer energy without transferring matter.
• Longitudinal waves have their oscillation parallel to the direction of travel (eg sound waves)