Environmental Science

• Components in the Ecosystem

  • Biotic (living) factors
  • Abiotic (non-living) factors
• Components in the Ecosystem

  • plants
  • animals
  • soil
  • water
  • sunlight
  • temperature
• Population and Urbanization


  • Urbanization impact on wildlife: habitat loss, pollution, fragmentation
• Role of Species


  • Producers
  • Consumers
  • Decomposers
• Role of Species


  • Nutrient cycling
  • Energy flow
• Ecological Footprints


  Human activities' environmental impact
• Ecological Footprints


  • Resource consumption
  • Pollution
  • Carbon footprint
• Predator and Prey Relationship

  • Dynamics
  • Adaptations
  • Population dynamics
• Extinction & Evolution


  • Causes of extinction
  • Consequences of extinction
  • Natural factors
  • Human-induced factors
  • Evolution's role in biodiversity
• Food Chain and Food Web

  • Energy flow
  • Nutrient flow
  • Trophic levels
  • Energy pyramids
• Different Interactions


  • Competition
  • Predation
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
• Natural Selection


  • Evolutionary adaptations
  • Survival
  • Reproduction
• Sustainability


  • Ecosystem health
  • Biodiversity maintenance
  • Sustainable resource management
  • Conservation
• Photosynthesis & Energy Flow

  1. Photosynthesis process

  2. Energy capture
• Photosynthesis & Energy Flow

  • Energy flow in ecosystems
  • Food chains
• Population vs. Community


  Individual species vs. multiple species
• Fossils & Pioneers


  • Understanding evolutionary history
  • Pioneer species in succession
• Cells & Genetics


  • Cell structure
  • Cell function
  • Genetics
  • Inheritance
  • Adaptation
• Energy Flow


  • Energy transfer
  • Trophic levels
  • Energy loss
  • Heat
• Trophic Levels


  • Producer
  • Primary consumer
  • Secondary consumer
• Trophic Levels


  • Energy transfer
  • Nutrient cycling
• Troposphere - The lowest layer of the atmosphere where weather occurs
• Atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, ozone, neon, helium, argon, krypton, hydrogen, xenon, and radon
• 5 Major Pollutants


  • Carbon monoxide
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Nitrogen oxides
  • Volatile organic compounds
  • Particulate matter
• These pollutants


  Contribute to air and water pollution, leading to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, acid rain, and ecosystem damage
• Geologic Time Scale Eras

  • Precambrian
  • Paleozoic
  • Mesozoic
  • Cenozoic
• Precambrian


  4.6 billion years to 541 million years ago
• Paleozoic


  541 to 252 million years ago
• Mesozoic


  252 to 66 million years ago
• Cenozoic


  66 million years ago to present
• Factors Affecting Population


  • Birth rates
  • Death rates
  • Immigration
  • Emigration
• Birth and death rates


  Influence population growth
• Migration


  Can affect population distribution and density
• Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion

  • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • Halons
  • Other ozone-depleting substances
• Ozone layer depletion


  Increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, leading to skin cancer, cataracts, and harm to marine ecosystems
• Epidemiology


  Studies the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations
• Key Epidemiology Concepts


  • Incidence
  • Prevalence
  • Risk factors
  • Cohort studies
  • Case-control studies
• Types of Migration


  • Forced migration (conflict, disasters)
  • Voluntary migration (economic, social)
  • Internal migration (rural to urban)
  • International migration (across borders)
• Morbidity


  Incidence of disease or illness within a population
• Mortality


  Death rates