ENDOCRINE

• Endocrine system


  First messenger system of the body
• Hormones


  chemical messages that are released into the blood
• Hormone


  are chemical compound secreted into the blood that affects the target tissue or the site distance from
• Amino acid


  based hormones
• Steroids


  It is made from cholesterol
• Prostaglandins


  It is made from highly active lipds
• Steroid hormones is sythesized by?

  adrenal glands, gonads, and placenta
• Steroid hormone


  Synthesized from cholesterol as needed, not stored, lipid-soluble
• What are the Clinically significant hormones in steroid hormones? cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
• Proteins


  Do not need carrier proteins to enter blood; water soluble
• Proteins are synthesized by?

  anterior pituitary, placenta, pancreas, and parathyroid glands
• Proteins

  Clinically significant hormones include follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), insulin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin.
• Glycoprotein hormones, FSH, LH, TSH, and hCG, composed of alpha and beta chains
• Alpha chains


  It is identical for each hormone
• Beta chains


  It is unique for each hormone
• Amine hormones is synthesized by?

  Thyroid and adrenal glands
• Amine hormones


  Synthesized from amino acids
• Amine hormones


  This hormones require a carrier protein and others do not.
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine do not bind to carrier proteins and interact with the receptor site on the cell membrane.
• Thyroxine and triiodothyronine circulate bound to carrier proteins, with the free hormone being transported across the cell membrane to interact with the intracellular receptor.
• Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by negative feedback
• Pituitary gland


  It is a size of a grape
• Adenohypophysis

  Anterior pituitary is also known as?
• Pituitary gland


  Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland is protected by?

  Sphenoid bone
• Anterior pituitary


  Endocrine gland that sits below the hypothalamus
• Posterior pituitary is also known as?

  Neurohypophysis
• Posterior pituitary


  It is responsible for the structural foundation of neurohumoral system and coordinating with fluid balance and reproductive function
• Pituitary gland


  Also known as the master gland
• How many hormones are there in pituitary hormones?

  Six
• How many hormones affect non-endocrine targets?

  two
• How many hormones stimulate other endocrine glands

  Four
• Anterior pituitary


  Act through second-messenger systems
• Growth hormone


  Major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
• Other term for Growth hormone?

  Somatotropin
• GROWTH HORMONE


  Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
• Hypothalamus controls the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary with growth hormone-releasing hormone, stimulatory, which is and somatostatin, which is inhibitory.
• Reference range for growth hormone?

  Basal level 2-5 ng/mL
• Increased level of growth hormone in childhood

  Pituitary gigantism
• Increased levels of growth hormones in adulthood?

  Acromegaly