T1 anatomy

• Anatomy


  Body structure
• Physiology


  Body functioning
• Prefix


  Appears at beginning of word. e.g disagreeable
• Prefix (in medicine)


  Describes location and intensity. e.g. arthroscope (arthro→joint)
• Suffix


  Place at end of word, indicate procedure, condition, disease, part of speech. e.g. arthroscopic (scope)
• Root word


  What or where in body you are referring to. e.g. broncho
• Anatomical position


  • Internationally accepted body position, stands upright with arms hanging by their side, palms facing frontward, eyes are to the front, legs and feet together, toes point forward
• Directional terminology


  • Superior (cranial)- towards head
  • Inferior- away from head (everything but limbs)
  • Posterior (behind) or dorsal (towards the back)- at back of body
  • Anterior (in front) or ventral (towards to belly)- at front of body
  • Medial- nearer to midline of body
  • Lateral- nearer to attachment of limb to trunk
  • Proximal- nearer to attachment of limb to trunk (close to start of structure)
  • Distal- farther from attachment of limb to trunk (farther from start of structure)
  • Superficial- closer to surface
  • Deep- away from surface
• Planes and sections


  • Sagittal- create left and right segments of the body. Mid- directly down middle of body, para- more to the side but still directly down of body
  • Transverse- separate upper and lower sections of the body
  • Oblique- diagonal
  • Frontal and coronal plane- front and back of body
• Body cavities and abdomino-pelvic regions

  • Cavities
  • Abdomino-pelvic regions
• Levels of the body

  • Chemical level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ/body system level
  • Organism level
• Chemical level


  • Involves atoms and molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of matter, such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; whereas molecules are two or more atoms that have combined or bonded. Examples of molecules include a sugar molecule and a water molecule
• Cellular level


  • Includes cells, which are comprised of atoms and molecules. Cells vary greatly in their structure and function within the human body. Examples of cell types include skeletal muscle cells and red blood cells
• Tissue level


  • Includes tissues, which are groups of similarly structured cells that perform like functions. Examples of tissue types include epithelial tissue and muscle tissue
• Organ level


  • Consists of organs. Organs are comprised of two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions. Examples of organs include the heart, the liver and the small intestine
• Organ/body system level


  • Consists of multiple organs working together to achieve a specific function. Examples of organ (body) systems include the Integumentary System, the Nervous System and the Digestive System
• Organism level


  • The highest structural level, comprised of all organ systems functioning to sustain a living being
• Systems of the body

  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Male reproductive system
  • Female reproductive system
• Integumentary system


  • Provides protection, Prevents water loss and gain, Synthesizes vitamin D, Releases secretions, Regulates body temperature, Houses sensory receptors
• Skeletal system


  • Provides support and protection, Site of haematopoiesis (blood cell production), Stores calcium and phosphorus, Provides sites for ligament and muscle attachments
• Muscular system


  • Provides body movement (locomotion), Maintains posture, Generates heat when muscles contract
• Nervous system


  • Fast acting control system, Responds to sensory stimuli (internal and external), Controls muscles and some glands, Responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory
• Endocrine system


  • Glands secrete hormones that regulate: Growth and development, Nutrients (metabolism), Reproduction
• Cardiovascular system


  • Consists of heart (pump) and blood vessels, Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products
• Lymphatic system


  • Picks up fluid leaked from blood (interstitial fluid) and returns it to the blood, House white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity, Participates in immune response (mounts attach against foreign substances)
• Respiratory system


  • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, Site of gaseous exchanges
• Digestive system


  • Breaks down food into absorbable units (mechanically and chemically), Absorbs nutrients, Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as faeces
• Urinary system


  • Filters blood, Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood, Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, Expels urine from the body
• Male reproductive system


  • Produces male hormones (e.g. testosterone), Produces male sex cells (sperms), Transfers sperm to female
• Female reproductive system


  • Produces female hormones (e.g. estrogen and progesterone), Produces female sex cells (oocytes), Receives sperm from the male, Grows embryo and produces offspring, Mammary glands produce breast milk to nourish newborn
• Homeostasis


  State of steady internal, physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems, Ability of body to maintain internal stability despite changing internal and external environments
• Homeostasis components


  • Stimulus
  • Receptor (structure)
  • Afferent (sensory pathway)
  • Control centre (structure)
  • Efferent (sensory pathway)
  • Effector (structure)
• Negative feedback


  A feedback loop where a body system tries to counteract (or oppose) any external or internal change away from equilibrium or a steady state. For example, if the external environment is very hot, the body tries to counteract the hot environment by cooling itself down by sweating.
• Positive feedback


  A feedback loop where a body system tries to move further in the same direction from an initiating stimulus. It does this by accelerating or amplifying the effects of the stimulus (rather than counteracting it). For example during childbirth, the release of oxytocin results in stronger or augmented contractions during labour.