Pharma midterm

• Parietal peritoneum


  Membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers most of the abdominal and pelvic organs

  
• Visceral peritoneum

  Membrane that covers most of the abdominal and pelvic organs
• Peritoneal cavity


  Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
• Functions of the peritoneum

  • Insulation - Layers contain fat that warms and protects organs
  • Structure - Ligaments connect organs and attach intestines to abdominal wall
  • Blood, lymph and nerve supply - Nerves and vessels run through the layers
  • Immunity - Serves as a barrier and recognizes invasive particles
• Mesentery


  Double layer of peritoneum that extends from the parietal peritoneum on the posterior abdominal wall to the small intestine
• Serosa


  Smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities, which secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between opposing surfaces
• Layers of the digestive tract

  • Muscular layer - Produces movements of the tube
  • Submucosa - Carries blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
  • Mucosa - Adjacent to the lumen

  
• Parts of the gastrointestinal tract

  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
• Accessory digestive organs


  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas

  
• Mouth


  Begins digestion by mechanically reducing the size of solid particles and mixing them with saliva
• Olfactory receptors in the nose


  Aid in smelling food, which is closely related to tasting it
• Vermillion


  Reddish/pinkish portion of the lips
• Tongue


  Mixes food particles with saliva during mastication and moves food toward the pharynx during deglutition
• Saliva


  Moistens and binds food particles, and begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
• Functions of the salivary glands

  • Lubricate the mouth, help swallow, aid in digestion, and protect teeth against harmful bacteria
• Pharynx


  Muscular funnel that helps you breathe and directs food and liquid to your digestive system

  
• Pancreas

  Large, tadpole-shaped gland situated deep in the belly that plays an important role in digestion and blood sugar regulation
• Functions of the pancreas

  • Produces enzymes to help with digestion (exocrine system)
  • Produces hormones to control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream (endocrine system)
• Liver

  Large organ in the abdomen that performs many important bodily functions, including blood filtering, and is considered a gland because it makes chemicals the body needs
• Functions of the liver

  • Cleans toxins out of the blood
  • Gets rid of old red blood cells
  • Makes bile to help digest food
  • Metabolizes proteins, carbohydrates and fats
  • Produces substances to help blood clot
  • Regulates the amount of blood in the body
  • Stores glycogen and vitamins
• Gallbladder


  Small, pear-shaped organ located under the liver that stores and releases bile to help digest fats
• Stomach


  1. shaped organ that connects the esophagus to the duodenum and serves as a temporary "storage tank" where chemical breakdown of proteins begins and food is converted to a creamy paste called chyme
• Regions of the stomach

  • Cardia (where esophagus connects)
  • Fundus (domed-shaped portion)
  • Body (main part)
  • Pylorus (funnel-shaped portion connecting to duodenum)

  
• Anatomical placement of the stomach

  • Eutonic (same level of pylorus and incisura by 1 cm)
  • Hypotonic (pylorus higher than incisura by 1 cm)
  • Steer-Horn (incisura higher than pylorus by 1 cm)
  • Cascade (fundus lower than cardiac orifice)

  
• Small intestine


  3 meter long organ where digestion and absorption of nutrients, vitamins and minerals occur, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

  
• Large intestine


  1.5 meter long organ that completes absorption, forms feces, expels feces, and absorbs 3 vitamins

  
• Features of the large intestine

  • Haustra (pouches that permit expansion)
  • Teniae coli (muscle tone that creates the haustra)
  • Omental appendices (fatty appendices)

  
• Phases of deglutition (swallowing)

  • Buccal phase
  • Pharyngeal phase
  • Esophageal phase
• Urinary system


  Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, with the purpose of eliminating waste, regulating blood volume and pressure, controlling electrolytes and metabolites, and regulating blood pH
• Kidneys


  Excretory organs shaped like beans that occupy the space between the 12th dorsal and 3rd lumbar vertebra, with a capsule, surrounded by fat, and moving with respiration

  
• Parts of the kidney

  • Hilum (depression on medial border where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter/exit)
  • Cortex (outer region)
  • Medulla (inner region)

  
• Urinary system

  Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra

  
• Purpose of the urinary system

  • Eliminate waste from the body
  • Regulate blood volume and blood pressure
  • Control levels of electrolytes and metabolites
  • Regulate blood pH
• Urinary tract


  The body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine
• Parts of the Urinary System

  • 2 Kidneys
  • 2 Ureters
  • 1 Urinary Bladder
  • 1 Urethra

  
• Kidneys


  Also known as Renal or Nephrons, adj. Nephritic
• Kidneys


  • Shaped like two beans
  • Lie in the upper posterior abdomen, one on each side
  • Occupy the space between the twelfth dorsal to the third lumbar vertebra
  • Right kidney lies slightly lower than the left
  • Each has a capsule, surrounded by fat and moves with respiration
  • 10-12 cm or 4-5 in long, 5-7 cm or 2-3 in wide, 3 cm or 1 in thick

  
• Hilum


  Depression on the medial or inner border where the renal artery, renal vein, lymphatics and pelvis enters the kidney

  
• Renal Pedicle


  Includes the renal artery, vein, lymphatics and renal pelvis

  
• Renal Pelvis


  Upper expanded funnel shape end of the ureter, in contact with the kidney