EXCS 154

• What is the definition of health?

  The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• What are examples of social determinants of health?


  Income, education, employment, housing, social support, and access to healthcare and food.
• Define social determinants of health


  The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels
• What health problems can be caused by the social determinants of health?

  Depression, Obesity, Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Heart Disease, Diabetes
• Communicable Disease


  an infectious disease transmissible by direct contact with an affected individual or the individual's discharges or by indirect means
• Non-Communicable Disease:


  Chronic diseases that are not passed from person to person. They are of long duration and slow progression
• Epidemiologic Transition


  describes changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leaving causes of death
• There has been a shift in mortality from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases
• Increase in Life expectancy = Decrease in fertility
• Women live longer than men because they seek medical help sooner.
• 6 in 10 people have chronic diseases
• How do we prevent and control non-communicable diseases?

  • Reducing the risk factors associated with these diseases
  • Reduce the modifiable risk factors
  • Use policies and priorities to guide the prevention and control
• 80% of chronic conditions could be avoided through a healthy lifestyle
• What are some lifestyle interventions?

  Exercise, nutrition, stress management, stop smoking, sleep management, cognitive function
• what are the 5 stages to change?

  Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance
• Factors to consider when implementing behavior change

  Age, Ethnicity, Family support system, Community Resources, Use of Technology
• How to approach a motivational interviewing

  • empathic style of interviewing
  • Enabling the client's own description of reasons for change
  • FRAMES approach
• What is the FRAMES approach?

  • Feedback on risk
  • Responsibility emphasized
  • Advice to make a change
  • Menu of options for change
  • Empathy as a counseling style
  • Support of self-efficacy
• What are 3 strategies for behavior change?

  SMART goals, Problem solving barriers, Self monitoring
• What does SMART goals stand for?

  Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Timely
• What is Physical Fitness?

  the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and respond to emergencies
• What are the components of Physical Fitness?

  Body Composition, Muscular Fitness, Balance, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Flexibility
• Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness is a strong, independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and all-cause mortality in adults
• Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness is associated with improved cognitive function and overall quality of life
• Cardiorespiratory Fitness is an objective measure of health that can be traked over time and compared across populations
• How is Cardiorespiratory fitness measured?


  VO2 max (Gold Standard)
• Muscular fitness is defined by muscular strength and endurance
• Muscular Strength

  Max amount of force that a muscle or muscle group can apply against a resistance in a single effort
• Muscular Endurance


  Ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert a submaximal force repeatedly over time
• Flexibility:


  Maximum range of motion possible at a joint
• What is the BORG scale perceived exertion?

  A scale of 1 to 10 based on perceived exertion
• How do we monitor exercise intensity?

  BORG scale and target heart rate
• What are the different types of body sections?

  adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, bones, organs
• What is Fat Mass (FM)?


  Adipose Tissue
• What is Fat-Free Mass (FFM)?


  Muscles, organs, bones
• What are Fat Free Solids (FFS)?

  Bones/minerals
• What is a function of fat?

  Energy storage
• What varies the amount of healthy fat from person to person?

  Age, ethnicity, height
• What are the methods of anthropometry?

  BMI, Waist Circumference, Waist to Hip Ratio, Arm Muscle Circumference, Skinfold Thickness
• What are other methods of obtaining Body Composition?

  Hydrostatic/Underwater weighing, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and DEXA scans