Unit 3

Cards (63)

  • Land-based Empire
    An empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings
  • 4 land-based empires to know
    • Ottoman Empire
    • Safavid Empire
    • Mughal Empire
    • Qing Dynasty
  • Ottoman Empire
    • Founded in 14th century
    • Adopted gunpowder weapons
    • Conquered Constantinople in 1453
    • Enslaved Christians and converted them to Islam, forming the Janissary elite force
  • Safavid Empire

    • Founded in early 16th century
    • Lacked natural defensive barriers, so built up military with gunpowder and enslaved Christian soldiers from Caucasus region
    • Shia Muslim, unlike the Sunni Ottoman Empire
  • Mughal Empire

    • Established in first half of 16th century
    • Wiped out Delhi Sultanate
    • Under Akbar, became most prosperous 16th century empire by being tolerant of diverse beliefs
  • Qing Dynasty

    • Ethnically Manchu, not Han Chinese
    • Conquered Ming Dynasty in 17th century
    • Used gunpowder weapons to expand
  • Land-based empires expanding
    Inevitable clashes between them
  • Safavid-Mughal conflict over territory in Afghanistan
  • Legitimize power

    Methods a ruler uses to establish their authority
  • Consolidate power
    Methods a ruler uses to transfer power from other groups to themselves
  • 4 ways rulers legitimized and consolidated power
    • Formation of large bureaucracies
    • Reliance on divine right
    • Patronage of religious institutions
    • Expansion of military power
  • Bureaucracies
    • Thousands of government officials to ensure laws are enforced throughout the empire
    • Ottomans used the devşirme system to staff bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, many of them converted Christians
  • Officials that ensure laws are kept throughout the Empire
  • Bureaucracies
    Way for rulers to maintain control of their Empire
  • The Ottomans used the devisherme system

    • Staffed their bureaucracy with highly trained individuals
    • Many of those Christians converted to Islam were sent to aan buul for education and training
    • Top performers were appointed to Elite positions in the ottoman bureaucracy
  • Highly trained bureaucrats
    • Wise administrators
    • Loyal to the sultan
  • 3 ways rulers administered their Empires
    • Development of military professionals
    • Religious ideas, art, and Monumental architecture
    • Innovations in tax collection systems
  • Divine right of kings
    Monarchs perpetuated the idea that they were God's representative on earth
  • Emperor Kangxi of the Ching Dynasty
    • Hung Imperial portraits of himself surrounded by books to convince the Han population that he was a legitimate Chinese ruler
    • The sun Temple of Cusco in the Inca Empire had walls covered with gold sheets and courtyards filled with golden statues to legitimize power
  • Palace of Versailles
    Louis the 14th used it to transfer power to himself by requiring the French nobility to live there and compete for his attention
  • Tax collection systems
    • Zamar system employed by the mugal Empire
    • Ottoman tax farming system
    • Aztec tribute list
  • The Roman Catholic Church in Europe had become plagued with corruption, including the sale of indulgences
  • Martin Luther
    Made a list of his complaints known as the 95 thesis and nailed it to the door of a church, leading to the Protestant Reformation
  • The Catholic Church initiated a Reformation of their own in the Council of Trent, cleaning up corruption and reaffirming their doctrine of salvation
  • Sha Ismail's decision to declare the Safavid Empire would adhere to Shia Islam aggravated and intensified the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims
  • Sikhism
    A syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines, retaining important beliefs from both while discarding gender hierarchies and the caste system
  • These land-based Empires that sprang up in the wake of the fall of the Mongol empire were growing in the period 1450 to 1750
  • Land-based Empires
    • Their power came from the extent of their territorial Holdings
    • Expanding during this period
    • Main cause of expansion was their militaristic use of gunpowder
  • Gunpowder Empires

    Land-based Empires that adopted gunpowder weapons
  • Ottoman Empire
    • Most significant Islamic empire during this period
    • Founded in the 14th century after the Mongol Empire
    • Controlled the Dardanelles, a highly strategic choke point
    • Developed and used gunpowder weapons
    • Sacked Constantinople, the heart of the Christian Byzantine Empire, in 1453
  • Safavid Empire

    • Established at the beginning of the 1500s out of the ashes of former Muslim empires
    • Declared itself a Shia Muslim State, which put it in conflict with Sunni Muslim empires
    • Expanded its military under Shah Abbas and adopted gunpowder weapons
  • Mughal Empire

    • Replaced the Delhi Sultanate in the 16th century
    • Expanded under the leadership of Babur and his grandson Akbar
    • Akbar was tolerant of religious beliefs and a masterful administrator
  • Qing Dynasty
    • Established by the Manchu people in 1636, taking advantage of the fractured Ming Dynasty
    • Launched a 40-year campaign of conquest to claim all the former Ming territory
  • Conflicts between the land-based Empires
    Mainly due to conflicting religious beliefs and political goals
  • Conflicts
    • Safavid-Mughal conflict
    • Sonai-Moroccan conflict
  • The Safavid-Mughal conflict was a series of wars fought between these two Muslim empires in the 17th century, due to religious rivalry and competing claims to expand into the Persian Gulf and Central Asia
  • The Sonai-Moroccan conflict occurred when the growing Moroccan Kingdom invaded the weakening Sonai Empire in the 16th century, taking advantage of the Sonai's lack of gunpowder weapons
  • Legitimize power
    Methods rulers use to communicate to their underlings who is in charge
  • Consolidate power
    Methods rulers use to take power from other groups and claim it for themselves
  • Ways rulers of land-based Empires from 1450-1750 legitimized and consolidated power

    1. Creation of large Imperial bureaucracies
    2. Expanding militaries and creating elite cadres
    3. Using religion, art, and architecture