An empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings
4 land-based empires to know
Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
Qing Dynasty
Ottoman Empire
Founded in 14th century
Adopted gunpowder weapons
Conquered Constantinople in 1453
Enslaved Christians and converted them to Islam, forming the Janissary elite force
Safavid Empire
Founded in early 16th century
Lacked natural defensive barriers, so built up military with gunpowder and enslaved Christian soldiers from Caucasus region
Shia Muslim, unlike the Sunni Ottoman Empire
Mughal Empire
Established in first half of 16th century
Wiped out Delhi Sultanate
Under Akbar, became most prosperous 16th century empire by being tolerant of diverse beliefs
Qing Dynasty
Ethnically Manchu, not Han Chinese
Conquered Ming Dynasty in 17th century
Used gunpowder weapons to expand
Land-based empires expanding
Inevitable clashes between them
Safavid-Mughal conflict over territory in Afghanistan
Legitimize power
Methods a ruler uses to establish their authority
Consolidate power
Methods a ruler uses to transfer power from other groups to themselves
4 ways rulers legitimized and consolidated power
Formation of large bureaucracies
Reliance on divine right
Patronage of religious institutions
Expansion of military power
Bureaucracies
Thousands of government officials to ensure laws are enforced throughout the empire
Ottomans used the devşirme system to staff bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, many of them converted Christians
Officials that ensure laws are kept throughout the Empire
Bureaucracies
Way for rulers to maintain control of their Empire
The Ottomans used the devisherme system
Staffed their bureaucracy with highly trained individuals
Many of those Christians converted to Islam were sent to aan buul for education and training
Top performers were appointed to Elite positions in the ottoman bureaucracy
Highly trained bureaucrats
Wise administrators
Loyal to the sultan
3 ways rulers administered their Empires
Development of military professionals
Religious ideas, art, and Monumental architecture
Innovations in tax collection systems
Divine right of kings
Monarchs perpetuated the idea that they were God's representative on earth
Emperor Kangxi of the Ching Dynasty
Hung Imperial portraits of himself surrounded by books to convince the Han population that he was a legitimate Chinese ruler
The sun Temple of Cusco in the Inca Empire had walls covered with gold sheets and courtyards filled with golden statues to legitimize power
Palace of Versailles
Louis the 14th used it to transfer power to himself by requiring the French nobility to live there and compete for his attention
Tax collection systems
Zamar system employed by the mugal Empire
Ottoman tax farming system
Aztec tribute list
The Roman Catholic Church in Europe had become plagued with corruption, including the sale of indulgences
Martin Luther
Made a list of his complaints known as the 95 thesis and nailed it to the door of a church, leading to the Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Church initiated a Reformation of their own in the Council of Trent, cleaning up corruption and reaffirming their doctrine of salvation
Sha Ismail's decision to declare the Safavid Empire would adhere to Shia Islam aggravated and intensified the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims
Sikhism
A syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines, retaining important beliefs from both while discarding gender hierarchies and the caste system
These land-based Empires that sprang up in the wake of the fall of the Mongol empire were growing in the period 1450 to 1750
Land-based Empires
Their power came from the extent of their territorial Holdings
Expanding during this period
Main cause of expansion was their militaristic use of gunpowder
Gunpowder Empires
Land-based Empires that adopted gunpowder weapons
Ottoman Empire
Most significant Islamic empire during this period
Founded in the 14th century after the Mongol Empire
Controlled the Dardanelles, a highly strategic choke point
Developed and used gunpowder weapons
Sacked Constantinople, the heart of the Christian Byzantine Empire, in 1453
Safavid Empire
Established at the beginning of the 1500s out of the ashes of former Muslim empires
Declared itself a Shia Muslim State, which put it in conflict with Sunni Muslim empires
Expanded its military under Shah Abbas and adopted gunpowder weapons
Mughal Empire
Replaced the Delhi Sultanate in the 16th century
Expanded under the leadership of Babur and his grandson Akbar
Akbar was tolerant of religious beliefs and a masterful administrator
Qing Dynasty
Established by the Manchu people in 1636, taking advantage of the fractured Ming Dynasty
Launched a 40-year campaign of conquest to claim all the former Ming territory
Conflicts between the land-based Empires
Mainly due to conflicting religious beliefs and political goals
Conflicts
Safavid-Mughal conflict
Sonai-Moroccan conflict
The Safavid-Mughal conflict was a series of wars fought between these two Muslim empires in the 17th century, due to religious rivalry and competing claims to expand into the Persian Gulf and Central Asia
The Sonai-Moroccan conflict occurred when the growing Moroccan Kingdom invaded the weakening Sonai Empire in the 16th century, taking advantage of the Sonai's lack of gunpowder weapons
Legitimize power
Methods rulers use to communicate to their underlings who is in charge
Consolidate power
Methods rulers use to take power from other groups and claim it for themselves
Ways rulers of land-based Empires from 1450-1750 legitimized and consolidated power