Unit 5

• This unit is about revolutions, the age of enlightenment, and the industrial revolution
• Maritime empires


  • Their empire is separated by water, but they can still control land in places like North America, Australia, and Southern Africa
• Industrial empires


  Maritime empires that have grown into full-blown industrial empires during the age of imperialism
• The enlightenment ideals challenged ideas like divine right of kings and promoted natural rights for people
• The American Revolution sparked a series of enlightened revolutions around the world
• The French Revolution


  Created chaos in Europe and led directly to revolutions in Latin America
• The Haitian Revolution was led by a formerly enslaved black man named Toussaint Overture
• Industrialization


  Changed western society, increased the global power of the West, but also led to inequality
• Non-Western nations responded to the enlightenment and industrialization in different ways - some fully adopted it, some rejected it, and some tried to find a balance
• Japan was successful in adopting useful aspects of the West while maintaining its own culture and avoiding imperialism
• China struggled with issues like the Opium Wars and civil wars in the late 19th century
• The Ottoman Empire and Egypt tried to adopt aspects of Western industrialization and military technology
• Industrialization provided the context and means for the age of imperialism, where European powers conquered and colonized much of the world
• North American Revolution 1775-1783


  Insoter of new ones, due to Britain being pre-occupied and bring a set of low importati, more open sosiallife, Evertonomic opportunities, is so differences, Republion in and government for freed from Britan
• Britain last money to France, imposed taxe on colonias, comes to presentation pliment

  1768
• Colonists didn't consent to taxes
• Maximilien Robespiere


  Leader 1793-1999, people who were thoughts of oranges of the reve, wed to start from scratch, new administrative syrton, largest amy (600,000 ment, man recital Chempe for women despite offers, laid the fadations for modern faminism, spread through conquest
• Napoleon Bonaparte


  General 1799-1815, imphasises cinil equality ; but Npprised incraticament, created largest crire shoe the Reming, ented fuudism, cacal right, moligions to wake, 410. we thing he expulsed the empire, brought down by Rossion + Britain
• Civic nationalism

  A form of nationalism where people share a common cultur, language, etc. The country also has a territory, Teas spread to Africa and Asia
• Feminist Beginnings

  Women claimed that revolutionary ideas of equality included women, First organized expression of feminist ideas was the womens Rights convestic in Sere ca Falls, 1968. some worker could get into university and there were in was allowing them to cam property, New Zealand was the first country to give women the right to vele, Feminists were sun as selfish as exports sald stress and strains of Counter mo supride life could cause DEPOPULATION
• These revolutions are still controversial
• Enlightenment


  An intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding such as rationalism and empiricist approaches both to the natural world and to human relationships
• Rationalism

  The idea that reason rather than emotion or any external authority is the most reliable source of true knowledge
• Empiricism

  The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation
• Empirical and rationalist ways of thinking were developed earlier during the Scientific Revolution in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries</b>
• During the Scientific Revolution, scientists tossed biblical and religious authority out the window and used the rigorous process of reason to discover how the world really works
• The Enlightenment is an extension of the scientific and rationalistic thinking from the Scientific Revolution, but Enlightenment philosophers applied those methods to the study of human society
• Revealed religion

  A religion where the words of the holy text and commands are revealed by God and therefore cannot be questioned
• Deism

  The belief that there is a God who created all things but no longer intervenes in the created order
• Atheism

  The complete rejection of religious belief and any notion of a divine being
• Individualism

  The idea that the most basic element of society is the individual human, not collective groups, and the progress and expansion of the individual over against society is key
• Natural rights

  Individual human rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity, such as life, liberty, and property
• Social contract

  The idea that human societies endowed with natural rights must construct governments of their own will, and the main purpose of that government is to protect their natural rights
• Enlightenment ideas

  Created the ideological context for major revolutions during this period, including the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions
• Revolutions during this period

  Created the conditions for the intensification of nationalism across the world
• Enlightenment ideas

  Led to the expansion of suffrage (the right to vote) in some places
• Enlightenment ideas

  Led to the abolition of slavery in some places
• Enlightenment ideas

  Contributed to the end of serfdom in some places
• Enlightenment ideas

  Led to increasing calls for women's suffrage
• Nationalism

  A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, often linked with a desire for territory