Chapter 4: Kingdom Protista

• Kingdom protista - junk drawer or catchall kingdom.

  • Mostly unicellular (some multicellular), eukaryotic, either autotrophic or heterotrophic microscopic organisms.
  • Approximately 65,000 species
  • Can live freely (zooplankton or phytoplankton) or as parasites in mostly aquatic habitats
  • Can reproduce both ways
  • asexually - binary fission or multiple fission
  • sexually - conjugation
• Protozoa - animal-like protists; unicellular.
• • Many protozoans are grouped according to the way they move. 
  • Some protozoans use cilia or flagella to move.
  • These extensions are called pseudopodia.
• 3 main groups of protists: Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like
• Algae - plant-like protists that are unicellular and photosynthetic.
• Fungus-like protists do not have chitin in their cell walls.
• • Some protists cause diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness, that result in millions of human deaths throughout the world every year.
  •  Unicellular algae produce much of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere and are the basis of aquatic food chains. 
  • Slime molds and water molds decompose a significant amount of organic material, making the nutrients available to living organisms. 
  • Although a diverse group, all protozoans are unicellular heterotrophs that feed on other organisms or dead organic matter.
• Phylum sarcodina

  • pseudopods
  • Most common-Amoeba
  • moves w/false feet
  • live on other protists
  • Entameba histolytica causes amebic dysentery
  • Two other types
  • foraminifera - CaCO3
  • radiolarians - SiO2
• Amoeboids

  A) contractile vacuole

  B) nucleus

  C) pseudopod

  D) cytoplasm

  E) food vacuole

  
• • Amoebas have no cell wall and form pseudopodia to move and feed.  Amoebas form pseudopodia around their food. 
  • Because they live in water they have to use their contractile vacuole to pump water in or out
  • Most amoebas commonly reproduce by asexual reproduction, in which a single parent produces one or more identical offspring by dividing into two cells.
• • Foraminiferans, which are abundant on the sea floor, have hard shells made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
• • Radiolarians have shells made of silica (SiO2)
• Phylum cilophora

  • Ciliates
  • About 8,000 species
  • move w/cilia
  • Genus Paramecium most common
  • uses trichocysts for defense
  • Multinucleated
• Cilophora

  A) cilia

  B) gullet

  C) groove

  D) contractile vacuole

  E) anal pore

  F) food vacuole

  G) micro and macronucleus

  
• Parts of paramecium

  • Pellicle-outer cover of cell
  • Trichocysts-harpoon like structure used for defense
  • Macronucleus-Metabolic rate / development
  • Micronucleus-genetic information
  • Gullet-mouth opens into it
  • Food Vacuole-Storage
  • Anal pore-release of waste
  • Contractile Vacuole-pumps out excess water
• label

  A) paramecium

  
• Vector - an organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms (host) with that parasite.
• African Sleeping Sickness (African trypanosomiasis)


  • Transmitted by the tsetse fly
  • Causes increasing fever, lethargy, mental deterioration, coma
  • Only found in Africa
• Chagas Disease


  • Caused by Trypansoma cruzi
  • Transmitted by the kissing bug
  • Causes fever and heart damage
• Leishmaniasis


  • Caused by Leishemania donovani
  • Transmitted by sand flies
  • Causes blood disease, disfiguring skin sores & can be fatal
• Giardiasis


  • Caused by Giardia lamblia
  • Transmitted by infected animals into water
  • Causes severe diarrhea & intestinal cramps
• Phylum zoomastigina

  • zooflagellates
  • move w/flagella
  • transported by blood sucking insects.
• Label

  A) tsetse fly

  B) kissing bug

  C) sand fly

  D) Giardia lamblia