1.2

• global cultural flows (movements) has three perspectives


  differentialism, hybridization and convergence
• CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM


  emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global flows.
• catastrophic collision


  Since these cultures are different, the interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential for the catastrophic collision
• Clash of Civilization (1996)


  Samuel Huntington's theory, political economic differences were overshadowed by new fault lines, which were primarily cultural in nature.
• (Huntington, 1996)


  portrayal of Muslims as being “prone to violence"
• CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION


  emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures (Cvetkovichand Kellner, 1997)
• glocalization


  refers to the interpenetration of the global and local cultures resulting in unique outcomes in different geographical areas (Giulianottiand Robertson, 2007)
• scapes Arjun Apparadui(1996)


  This concept explains that global flows involve people, technology, finance, political images, and media and the disjuncture between them leading to the creation of cultural hybrids.
• CULTURAL CONVERGENCE


  This approach stresses homogeneity since cultures are deemed to be radically altered by strong flows while cultural imperialism happens when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture
• Deterritorialization


  means that it is much more difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin
• GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION


  “Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the planet to have greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global organizations, global finance and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the universal Christian church to be given concrete shape as never before.” (Scholte, 2005)
• GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

  Media also plays an important role in the dissemination of religious ideas. Television channels, radio stations and print media are founded solely for advocating religions
• GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION


  “is related to the improvement in transportation that has allowed many Muslims to travel to Mecca and return with reformist ideas”. (Turner, 2007)
• GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION


  Globalization is also associated with Westernization and Americanization
• GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION


  Region according to Mansfield and Milner (1999) is “ a group of countries, in the same geographically specified area”. Hurrell, on the other hand, defined regionalization as the “societal integration and the often undirected process of social and economic interaction” while regionalism refers to the “formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states”. (Ravenhill, 2008)
• Mansfield and Milner (1999)


  Region is a group of countries, in the same geographically specified area”
• Hurrell


  defined regionalization as the “societal integration and the often undirected process of social and economic interaction
• (Ravenhill, 2008)

  while regionalism refers to the “formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states”
• The threats of an “ungoverned globalization” can be countered what Jacoby and Meunier called managed globalization which refers to “all attempts to make globalization more palatable to citizens”
• Regionalism is a sort of counter- globalization
• Hurrell’s (2007)


  “one (global) world/many (regional) worlds relationship”,
• One of the reasons behind regionalism is the concern for security, which is to ensure peace and stability.
• Culture and identity, on the other hand, were seen by Huntington (1996) as the guide for regionalization.
• culture and identity are civilizations identifying the nine major civilizations


  Western, Latin America, African, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Orthodox, Buddhist and Japanese
• Economic motivations are arguably the main motivation behind contemporary regionalization.
• Ravenhill (2008)


  argued that these disadvantaged TNCs will have to lobby their national government to sign similar trade agreements within their region in order to end their disadvantage commercial situation