HE2

• Learning


  A relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning and/or behavior as a result of experience
• Learning


  A lasting or permanent change in behavior as a result of experience, primarily determined or influenced by the environment where the person is situated
• Learning is a complex process which involves changes in mental processing, development of emotional functioning, and social transactional skills which develop and evolve from birth to death
• How Does Learning Occur?


  The individual interacts with his/her environment and incorporates or applies new information or experiences to what he/she already knows or has learned
• Environmental factors that affect learning

  • Society and culture
  • Structure and pattern of the stimuli
  • Effectiveness or credibility of role models and reinforcements
  • Feedback for correct and incorrect responses
  • Opportunities to process and apply learning to new situations
• Factors that affect learning

  • Learners' learning styles
  • Type, nature and level of motivation
• Factors that facilitate or hinder the Learning process


  • Teacher selection of learning theories to be applied and the structuring or type of learning experience
  • Teacher's knowledge of the nature of the learner, the materials to be learned, teaching methods to be employed, communication skills, and ability to motivate the learner
  • Teacher's ability to relate new knowledge to previous experiences, values, self-perception and the learner's readiness to learn
• Common Principles of learning

  • Use several senses
  • Actively involve the patients or clients in the learning process
  • Provide an environment conducive to learning
  • Assess the extent to which the learner is ready to learn
  • Determine the relevance of the information
  • Repeat the information
  • Generalize information
  • Make learning a pleasant experience
  • Begin with what is known; move toward the unknown
  • Present information at an appropriate rate
• Learning Experience Cone


  People retain 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what they see or watch, 50% of what they see and hear, 70% of what they say, and 90% of what they say and do
• Related Learning Experiences (RLE) in Nursing Skills Laboratory


  1. Nursing students imitate procedures demonstrated by instructors (role-modeling)

  2. Nursing students are graded according to the skills they exhibit and the degree of comprehension of the rationale behind the steps in the procedures as they perform the return demonstration
• Imitating procedures in RLE

  Nursing students would be able to retain 70% of the lessons
• Applying skills and knowledge in actual patient care

  Further reinforcement by additional practice and review on the principles and procedures, resulting in 90% retention
• Learning theory


  A coherent framework and set of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain or predict how people learn, how learning occurs, and what motivates people to learn and change
• Issues like how does learning take place, what ensure success or contribute to failure in learning and what are the obstacles to learning have been the concern of educators and educational psychologists
• Learning theories, teaching and learning techniques and strategies based on scientific studies and principles and assessment and evaluation techniques have been given more emphasis in what is now the trend of "mentoring the mentor" or "training the trainer"
• The start of the twentieth century saw the emergence of a new field known as Educational Psychology which became the catalyst for the scientific study of teaching, learning and assessment
• Educational Psychology is concerned with systematic evidence and data-gathering which are used to test theories and hypotheses about learning
• Why the Health Professional Needs to Know the Nature of the learner?

  Learning theories put together concepts and propositions to explain "why people learn and predict under what circumstances they will learn"
• Contributions of Learning Theories


  • They have helped us understand the process of teaching and learning or how individuals acquire knowledge and change the way they think, feel and behave
  • In the practice of healthcare, these theories have helped the health professionals to employ sound methods and rationales in their health education efforts involving patient or clients, staff training and education and in carrying out continuing health education and promotion programs
• Human development


  The dynamic process of change that occurs in the physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and emotional constitution and make-up of an individual which starts from the time of conception to death (from womb to tomb)
• Changes that occur in human development

  • Growth (quantitative increase in the size of the parts of the body)
  • Development (gradual qualitative changes in character)
• Major processes that take place as a person grows and develops

  • Learning (any relatively permanent behavior brought about through experience)
  • Maturation (bodily changes primarily a result of heredity or the traits that a person inherits from his parents which are genetically determined)
• Major learning theories used in patient education and health care practice

  • Behaviorist
  • Cognitive
  • Social Learning
  • Psychodynamic
  • Humanistic
• Behaviorist theory of Learning

  Emphasizes the importance of observable behavior in the study of human beings. Behavior results from a series of conditioned reflexes and all emotions and thought are a product of behavior learned through conditioning.
• Stimulus-Response (S-R) model of learning

  Learning is a result of the conditions or stimuli (S) in the environment and the learner's response that follow
• Behavioral scientists usually observe the responses and then manipulate the environment to bring about the desired change
• Motivation to change


  Brought about by the desire to reduce some drive or DRIVE-REDUCTION
• Satisfied, complacent or satiated individuals have little motivation to change and learn