1.3

• HARDWIRED


  CHANDA, 2007 MENTIONED THAT COMMERCE, RELIGION, POLITICS AND WARFAREARE THE “URGES” OF PEOPLE TOWARD A BETTER LIFE.
• HARDWIRED


  ONE CAN THEREFORE TRACE THE BEGINNING OF GLOBALIZATION FROM OUR ANCESTORS IN AFRICA WHO WALKED OUT FROM THE SAID CONTINENT IN THE LATE ICE AGE.
• CYCLES

  GLOBALIZATION IS A LONG-TERM CYCLICAL PROCESS SCHOLTE, 2005 THEREFORE, FINDING ITS ORIGIN WILL BE A DAUNTING TASK. HOWEVER, THE CYCLES THAT GLOBALIZATION HAS GONE THROUGH IS IMPORTANT UNDER THIS VIEW
• SCHOLTE, 2005


  ADHERES TO THE IDEA THAT OTHER GLOBAL AGES HAVE APPEARED
• EPOCH


  RITZER (2015) CITED THERBORN’S (2000) SIX GREAT EPOCHS OF GLOBALIZATION. THESE ARE ALSO CALLED “WAVES” AND EACH WAVE HAS ITS ORIGIN. THIS VIEW IS DIFFERENT IN THE SECOND VIEW (CYCLES) AS IT DOES NOT TREAT EPOCHS AS RETURNING.
• DIFFERENT OCCURENCE OF EPOCHS

  • GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION (4TH TO 7TH CENTURIES)
  • EUROPEAN COLONIAL CONQUESTS (LATE 15TH CENTURY)
  • INTRA-EUROPEAN WARS (LATE 18TH TO EARLY 19TH CENTURIES)
  • HEYDAY OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM ( MID-19TH CENTURY TO 1918)
  • POST-WORLDWAR II PERIOD
  • POST-COLDWAR PERIOD
• EVENTS


  SPECIFIC EVENTS ARE ALSO CONSIDERED AS PART OF THE 4TH VIEW IN EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION.
• ROMAN CONQUEST


  GIBBON (1998) ARGUED THAT ROMAN CONQUESTS CENTURIES BEFORE CHRIST WERE ITS ORIGIN. IN AN ISSUE OF THE MAGAZINE THE ECONOMIST, IT CONSIDERED THE RAMPAGE OF THE ARMIES OF GENGHIS KHAN INTO EASTERN EUROPE IN THE 13TH CENTURY.
• THE TERM “DIASPORA” HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY USED TO DESCRIBE MIGRANT COMMUNITIES. PAUL GILROY (1993) CONCEPTUALIZED DIASPORA AS A TRANSNATIONAL PROCESS,
• (DUFOIX, 2007)


  DIASPORIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION ARE CLOSELY INTERCONNECTED AND THE EXPANSION OF THE LATTER WILL LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN FORMER
• (THOMPSON, 2008)

  THE UNITED STATES FOR EXAMPLE FACES AN INFLUX OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS FROM MEXICO AND OTHER CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES
• (FLETCHER & WEISMAN, 2006)


  AS A RESPONSE, A FENCE IS CONSTRUCTED ON THE US-MEXICO BORDER TO CONTROL THIS FLOW OF PEOPLE.
• THE ISSUE OF ILLEGAL MIGRATION IS BEING FACED BY MANY COUNTRIES.
• THREAT OF TERRORISM MAY ALSO AFFECT THE DESIRE OF A STATE TO RESTRICT POPULATION FLOWS (MOSES, 2006).
• LABOR MIGRATION


  MAINLY INVOLVES THE FLOW OF LESS SKILLED AND UNSKILLED WORKERS, AS WELL AS ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS WHO LIVE ON THE MARGINS OF THE HOST SOCIETY (LANDLER, 2007)
• PULL FACTOR

  PULL FACTORS ON THE OTHER HAND REFER TO THOSE FACTORS THAT ARE PRESENT IN OTHER COUNTRIES THAT MAY ATTRACT IMMIGRANTS TO MOVE IN. EXAMPLE IS AVAILABILITY OF WORK OR JOB OPPORTUNITIES.
• PUSH FACTOR

  PUSH FACTORS INVOLVE LACK OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN HOME COUNTRIES. IT IS THEREFORE REFERS TO THOSE FACTORS PRESENT IN THE HOME COUNTRIES THAT FORCED AN INDIVIDUAL TO MIGRATE.
• LABOR MIGRATION INCLUDES THOSE WHO MIGRATE IN ORDER TO FIND WORK. IT IS DRIVEN BY TWO FACTORS

  • PUSH FACTOR
  • PULL FACTOR
• REFUGEES 


  ARE VAGABONDS WHO FORCED TO FLEE THEIR HOME COUNTRIES DUE TO SAFETY CONCERNS (HADDAD, 2003).
• TOURISTS


  ARE ON THE MOVE BECAUSE THEY WANT TO BE AND BECAUSE THEY CAN AFFORD IT. UNLIKE THE VAGABONDS, THEY ARE ON THE MOVE BECAUSE THEY WANT TO EXPERIENCE LEISURE.
• VAGABONDS


  ARE ON THE MOVE “BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO BE. THEY ARE NOT DOING WELL IN THEIR HOME COUNTRIES AND THEREFORE BEING FORCED TO MOVE IN OTHER COUNTRIES HOPING THAT THEIR CIRCUMSTANCES WILL IMPROVE.
• GLOBAL MIGRATION BAUMAN (1998)
• DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO ROSENTHAL (2007) GAVE PREMIUM VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS’ DISCOVERY OF AMERICA IN 1942, VASCO DE GAMA IN CAPE OF GOOD HOPE IN 1498, AND FERDINAND MAGELLAN’S COMPLETED CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE GLOBE IN 1522
• TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES RECENT YEARS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION COULD ALSO BE REGARDED AS THE BEGINNINGS OF GLOBALIZATION. SOME EXAMPLE ARE THE FIRST TRANSATLANTIC TELEVISION BROADCASTS (1962), THE FOUNDING OF THE MODERN INTERNET IN 1988, THE TERRORIST ATTACKS ON THE TWINTOWERS IN NEWYORK (2001)
• BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES These broad changes comprising the fifth view happened in the last half of the 20th century. There are three notable changes that are considered as the origin of globalization
• THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AS THE GLOBAL POWER

  (POST-WORLDWAR II) DUE TO ITS DOMINANT AND STRONG MILITARY AND ECONOMIC POWER AFTER WWII, THE US WAS ABLE TO OUTRUN GERMANY AND JAPAN IN TERMS OF INDUSTRY. AXIS POWERS AND ALLIES FALL BEHIND ECONOMICALLY AS COMPARED TO THE NEW GLOBAL POWER.
• THE EMERGENCE OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCS) CORPORATIONS BEFORE WERE ONLY CAME FROM THEIR COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN DURING THE 18TH TO EARLY 19TH CENTURIES. THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN HAD IN THEIR HOMELAND CORPORATIONS.
• THE DEMISE OF THE SOVIET UNION AND THE END OF THE COLDWAR THIS FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION IN 1991 LED TO THE OPENING OF THE MAJOR PARTS OF THE WORLD FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY.
• GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY- DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION IS A SINGULAR HISTORICAL PERIOD WHICH MORTALITY AND FERTILITY RATES DECLINE FROM HIGH TO LOW LEVELS IN A PARTICULAR COUNTRY OR REGION.
• REMARKABLE EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

  AL. (2002). IT IS “THE ENORMOUS GAP IN LIFE EXPECTANCY THAT EMERGED BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE WEST ON THE ONE HAND AND THE REST OF THE WORLD ON THE OTHER”.
• GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY THE TRANSITION STARTED IN MID-OR LATE 1700S IN EUROPE WHEN DEATH RATES AND FERTILITY BEGAN TO DECLINE. HIGH TO LOW FERTILITY HAPPENED IN 200 YEARS IN FRANCE AND 100 YEARS IN THE US.