ex. 40 [urinary system]

• urinary system responsible for removal of nitrogenous waste, maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balances of blood
• kidneys allows toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions to leave body in urine, while retaining needed substances and returning them to blood
• urinary system organs

  A) peritoneum

  B) ureter

  C) rugae

  D) detrusor

  E) adventita

  F) uretic orifices

  G) trigone

  H) bladder neck

  I) internal urethral sphincter

  J) prostate

  K) prostatic urethra

  L) intermediate part of urethra

  M) external urethral sphincter

  N) urogenital diaphragm

  O) urethra

  P) external urethral orifice

  Q) spongy urethra

  R) erectile tissue of penis

  S) external urethral orifice

  
• male, urethra is 20cm long and travels the length of the penis, opening at the tip; has reproductive and urinary functions
• female urethra 4cm long with only urinary purpose
• longitudinal cut

  A) renal cortex

  B) renal medulla

  C) major calyx

  D) papilla of pyramid

  E) renal pelvis

  F) minor calyx

  G) ureter

  H) renal pyramid in medulla

  I) renal column

  J) fibrous capsule

  
• blood supply from renal artery to vein

  • renal artery
  • segmental artery
  • interlobar artery
  • arcuate artery
  • interlobular artery (cortical radiate)
  • afferent arteriole
  • glomerulus
  • efferent arteriole
  • peritubular capillary
  • interlobular vein
  • arcuate vein
  • interlobar vein
  • renal vein
• nephron: each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine.
• nephron anatomy

  A) glomerulus

  B) bowman's capsule

  C) proximal convoluted tubule

  D) peritubular capillaries

  E) ascending limb of nephron loop

  F) descending limb of nephron loop

  G) arcuate artery

  H) arcuate vein

  I) interlobular vein

  J) interlobular artery

  K) afferent arteriole

  L) efferent arteriole

  M) distal convoluted tubule

  N) collecting duct

  O) vasa recta

  
• glomerular filtration: filtration of blood plasma through the glomerulus

  • glomerulus capillary and capsule
• tubular reabsorption: filtrate components move through tubule cells and return to blood in peritubular capillaries

  • proximal convoluted tubule
• tubular secretion: substances move from blood to filtrate

  • distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
• micturition: the expulsion of urine from the bladder

  • when internal and external sphincters relax and detrusor contracts all at the same time
• internal sphincter parasympathetic control relaxes smooth muscle and external sphincter somatic neurons are inhibited relaxing skeletal muscle
• detailed nephron

  A) glomerular capsule space

  B) glomerulus

  C) granular cells

  D) parietal layer of glomerular capsule

  E) macula densa

  
• renal cortex

  A) renal tubule

  B) glomerular capsule space

  C) glomeruli

  
• ureter wall

  A) circular layer

  B) longitudinal layer

  C) transitional epithelium

  D) adventita

  
• bladder wall

  A) urothelium

  B) lamina propria

  C) muscularis propria (detrusor muscle) thick smooth muscl

  D) adventita

  
• detrusor innermost and outermost layers arranged longitudinally, middle layer is circular