SCIENCE

• Biomolecules


  Molecules produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Types of biomolecules


  • Micromolecules
  • Minerals
  • Water
  • Gases
  • Sugars
  • Amino acids
  • Nucleotides
  • Macromolecules
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• CELLULAR ORGANISATION

  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Macromolecule
  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
• • The smallest functioning unit of biomolecule is a monomer

  Mono means ONE

  • Put two monomers together and you get a dimer

  Di means TWO

  • Once several monomers are put together, we get a polymer Poly means MANY
• Carbohydrates


  Building block/monomer monosaccharides. Most common biomolecule. Primary energy source of our body. Formula (CH2O). -formally known as saccharides. -french term hydrante de Carbone -supply the cells with instant energy
• Elements in carbohydrates

  • C-H-O
• Classification of carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides (Monomers)
  • Disaccharides (Dimers)
  • Polysaccharides (Polymers)
• Monosaccharides


  The simplest sugar and the basic subunit of a carbohydrate. The most common are glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• Disaccharides


  Consist of two monosaccharides that are chemically combined. Examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. -C¹²H²²O¹¹
• Polysaccharides


  Polymers containing numerous monosaccharide monomers. Examples are starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
• THREE COMMON POLYSACCHARIDES 1.Starch


  • Chief storage form of carbohydrates in plants and the most important source of carbohydrate in human nutrition
  • A starch molecule is a polysaccharide assembled from the simple sugar glucose
• 2.Glycogen


  • A polysaccharide that is similar to starch because it is also composed of alpha glucose units
• 3.Cellulose


  • The glucose molecules in cellulose chains are arranged in such a way that hydrogen bonds link hydroxyl groups of adjacent glucose molecules to form insoluble fibrous sheets, the basic components of plants
• PROTEINS

  • Formally known as polypeptides
  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids
  • Proteins made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
  • Proteins function as: Enzymes, Pigments, and steroid hormones
• PROTEINS

  • General formula RCH(NH2)COOH. R is a side chain usually an amino acid
  • Elements: C-H-O-N
• Test for proteins

  • Biuret test
• NUCLEIC ACIDS

  • These biomolecules are not necessarily from food
  • Biomolecular components of heredity materials and are present in DNA
  • Building blocks: nucleotides
  • Elements: C-H-O-N-P
• NUCLEIC ACIDS

  • Are the genetic material of the cell and are composed of recurring monemic units called nucleotides
• NUCLEIC ACIDS contain carbon,Hydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus.

  • Monomer: Nucleotides
  • Polymer:Nucleic acid
  • Examples:DNA,RNA
• LIPIDS

  • They are insoluble molecules (hydrophobic or water tearing). That are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • Elements: C-H-O
  • Lipids provide mechanical protection for the internal organs and serve as waterproof covering in some plants or animals
  • FUNCTIONS: Storing energy, waterproof barriers, chemical . messengers, insulation
• COMMON LIPIDS

  • Fatty Acids
  • Triglycerides
  • Steroids
• LIPIDS

  • Examples: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes
  • They are hydrophobic and do not disolve in water
• Fatty acids

  • Are carboxylic acids usually with long aliphatic talls
  • SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

  -Lack of carbon-carbon double bonds indicate that the fatty acid is saturated

  • UNSATURATED FATTY ACID

  -Is indicated when a fatty acid has more than one double bond.
• The most abundant of the lipids are the fats and oils also called triglycerides

  • FATS

  -Produced only from animals

  • OILS

  -Produce by plants
• Test for Lipids

  • Ethanol emulsion test
• Classification of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids