Information Management Reviewer

• Data


  Facts related to any object under consideration
• Information


  A refined set of data that has been processed in a meaningful way
• Database


  A shared collection of logically related data and its description, designed to meet the information needs of an organization
• Data Warehouse


  Provides a consolidated and integrated view of corporate data, sourced from various operational data repositories
• Data Warehouse


  • Subject-oriented
  • Integrated
  • Time-variant
  • Nonvolatile
• Data Processing Activities


  1. Data Collection

  2. Data Preparation

  3. Data Input

  4. Data Processing

  5. Data Output/Interpretation
• Range of Database Application

  • Personal Databases
  • Workgroup Databases
  • Department Databases
  • Enterprise Databases
• Components of Database Environment

  • Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools
  • Repository
  • Database Management System (DBMS)
  • Database
  • Application Programs
  • User Interface
  • Data Administrators
  • System Developers
  • End Users
• Entity


  A distinct object (person, place, thing, concept, or event) in the organization to be represented in the database
• Attribute


  A property describing some aspect of the object recorded
• Relationship


  An association between entities
• Database Management System (DBMS)


  A software system enabling users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the database
• Advantages of the Database Approach

  • Program-data independence
  • Planned data redundancy
  • Improved data consistency
  • Improved data sharing
  • Increased productivity of application development
  • Enforcement of standards
  • Improved data quality
  • Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
  • Reduced program maintenance
  • Improved decision support
• Database Development Process


  1. Preliminary Study

  2. Requirement Analysis

  3. Database Design

  4. Physical Design

  5. Implementation

  6. Maintenance
• The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture

  • External Level
  • Conceptual Level
  • Internal Level
• Database Models


  • Structural Part
  • Manipulative Part
  • Set of Integrity Constraints
• Object-based Data Models


  • Entity-Relationship (ER)
  • Semantic
  • Functional
  • Object-oriented
• Record-based Model


  • Relational
  • Network
  • Hierarchical
• Physical Data Models


  • Unifying model
  • Frame memory
• Data: Facts related to any object
• Information: Processed, structured data in a meaningful context
• Database: Shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet organizational information needs
• Data Warehouse: Subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile data
• Data Processing: Sequence of activities transforming raw data into information
• Range of Database Application: Personal Databases, Workgroup Databases, Department Database, and Enterprise Database
• Query Language: Structured Query Language (SQL) is the standard for relational DBMSs
• Data Models: Object-based, record-based, and physical data models
• Purpose of Requirements Analysis

  Collect comprehensive information essential for designing a database that aligns with the organizational information needs
• Goals of Requirements Analysis

  1. Determine Data Requirements

  2. Classify and Describe Information

  3. Identify and Classify Relationships

  4. Determine Transaction Types

  5. Understand Interactions

  6. Establish Data Integrity Rules
• Information Gathering Methods


  • Review of Existing Documents
  • Interviews with End Users
  • Review of Existing Automated Systems
• Business-Rules Constraints


  • Field Constraints Within Tables
  • Relationship Constraints Between Tables
• Sample Business Rules


  • License Inspection Project
  • Order Entry System
• Designed for a single user with a standalone personal computer (PC).

  Personal Databases
• Support collaboration among small teams (typically fewer than 25 persons) on a specific project or application. 


  Workgroup Databases
• Cater to the functions and activities of a larger organizational unit, typically between 25 and 100 persons.


  Department Databases
• Encompass the entire organization, supporting organization-wide operations and decision-making processes.

  Enterprise Databases
• Organized around the major subjects of the organization.

  Subject-oriented
• Bringing together source data from different organization-wide applications systems

  Integrated
• Data accuracy is valid only at some point in time.Time-variant
• Data is not updated in real time but is regularly refreshed from operational systems.

  Nonvolatile