ENGLISH

• RESEARCH


  An organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions
• RESEARCH


  1. There is a set of procedures and steps which are always done in the research process

  2. It is a structured or method in going about doing research

  3. It is focused and limited to a specific scope
• RESEARCH will follow whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or a question
• Sometimes the answer is not found
• RESEARCH PAPER


  A piece of academic writing that provides analysis, interpretation and argument based on in-depth independent research
• ABSTRACT


  A short summary of your completed research, intended to describe your work without going into detail. Should be self-contained and concise, explaining your work as briefly and clearly as possible.
• INTRODUCTION


  The next part after the title and abstract, leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of inquiry. It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research being conducted by providing background information.
• LITERATURE REVIEW


  Provides an overview of books, journal articles, and other sources that have explored the topic, allowing you to identify relevant theories and research in the existing literature.
• HYPOTHESIS


  A statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research, commonly known as the researcher's intellectual or wild guess about the possible result of the study.
• METHODOLOGY


  The systematic method to resolve a research problem through data gathering using various techniques, providing an interpretation of data gathered, and drawing conclusions about the research data.
• METHODOLOGY


  • Aims to ensure validity of the research and its findings. It is where the researcher will decide what data to collect, who to collect it from, and how to collect it.
• POPULATION


  The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about in research, which doesn't always refer to people but can mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
• SAMPLE


  A smaller part or subgroup of the population, the specific group within a population that you will collect data from and who will participate in your study.
• Reasons for sampling


  • Necessity
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Practicality
  • Manageability
• Population


  The entire group being studied
• Sample


  A subset of the population
• Respondents


  Participants who answer questions
• Subjects


  The people in the researchers' experiment, usually in quantitative research
• Variable


  Any factor, trait, or condition that can be manipulated, controlled for, or measured in an experiment
• Independent variable


  The variable that is changed
• Dependent variable


  The variable that responds to the changes in the independent variable
• Research instrument


  Any tool used to collect, measure, or analyze data relevant to the research
• A good research instrument is validated, reliable, and appropriate for the research aims, objectives and questions
• Questionnaire


  The main instrument for collecting data in survey research, consisting of standardized questions
• Data


  Information collected, observed, generated, or created to validate original research findings
• Results (Findings)


  The section of a research paper where the authors provide the data collected during their study
• Discussion


  The section of a research paper that interprets and describes the significance of the findings in light of existing knowledge, and explains any new understanding or insights
• Objectives of the Discussion section

  • Restate the research problem/state the major findings
  • Explain the meaning and importance of the findings
  • Link to similar studies
  • Provide explanations for the findings
  • Acknowledge the study's limitations
  • Suggest directions for further research
• Conclusion


  Intended to help readers understand why the research matters, synthesizing key points rather than just summarizing
• Reference


  The last page of a research paper that lists all the sources used, giving credit to authors consulted
• Appendix


  Serves as a space for materials that help clarify the research but do not belong in the main text, such as research instruments
• Technical definition


  The universal meaning of the term, from reference materials like dictionaries, encyclopedias, books, journals, websites
• Operational definition


  How the term is applied or used in the research study, formulated by the researcher and anchored on the technical definition
• Definition of terms is an alphabetical list of important terms, acronyms or jargons used in the research study</b>
• Jargons are terminologies only understood by people in a certain group and are difficult for others to understand
• Examples of jargons or special words in a particular field: medical jargons, business jargons, police jargons
• Definition of terms is important to clarify and define the important terms, acronyms and jargons for the readers of the research paper
• Defining terms is important to avoid readers getting confused or stopping reading the research paper when they encounter unfamiliar words or unclear ideas
• Defining terms is a skill needed when writing a research paper, as definition of terms is part of chapter 1
• Guidelines in defining terms in a research paper

  • Only define terms, words or phrases that have special or unique meanings in the study
  • Define important words in the title, technical terms, words for treatments and measurement, data analysis terms
  • Define terms technically, operationally or both
  • Acknowledge the source for technical definitions
  • Include and define uncommon acronyms
  • Definitions should be short, clear and unambiguous