BIOCHEM - BOLO TULUNGAN MO KAMI

• Macromolecules

  Polymers, built from monomers - large molecules composed of thousands of covalently bonded atoms
• Polymers


  Long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks
• Monomers


  Small building-block molecules
• Dehydration reaction


  Two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
• Hydrolysis


  Polymers are disassembled to monomers, the reverse of dehydration reaction
• Carbon Compounds


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
• Carbohydrates


  Sugars and starches, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Lipids


  Fats and oils, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Nucleic Acids


  Nucleotides, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
• Proteins


  Amino acids, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
• What do humans get from food?

  Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
• Carbohydrates


  Act as storehouses of chemical energy
• Carbohydrates


  Polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or compounds that yield them after hydrolysis
• Carbohydrate (glycans)


  Has this basic structure: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1 ratio)
• Chemical Groupings of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Carbohydrates


  Means "hydrate of carbon" and derives from the formula CnH2nOn
• Monosaccharides


  Simple sugars, serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules, have the general formula CnH2nOn
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose (C6H12O6)
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
• Monosaccharides


  Classified by: location of carbonyl group (aldoses and ketoses), number of carbons in carbon skeleton
• Monosaccharides


  • Aldopentose
  • Aldotetrose
  • Ketotriose
• Isomers


  Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of the atoms in space
• Fischer Projection Formulas


  Method of representing the three-dimensional structures of molecules on a page, a convention used to depict a stereo formula in two-dimensional spaces without destroying the stereochemical information at chiral centres
• Enantiomers


  A pair of molecules that exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed one upon the other
• Enantiomers of Glyceraldehyde


  • D-Glyceraldehyde
  • L-Glyceraldehyde
• D/L Designation


  Based on the configuration about the single asymmetric C in glyceraldehyde, the lower representations are Fischer Projections
• D/L Designation


  For sugars with more than one chiral center, D or L refers to the asymmetric C farthest from the aldehyde or keto group. Most naturally occurring sugars are D isomers.
• Amino Sugars


  Contain an -NH2 group in place of an -OH group
• Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides

  An aldehyde can react with an alcohol to form a hemiacetal, a ketone can react with an alcohol to form a hemiketal
• Haworth Projection


  A way to view furanose and pyranose forms of monosaccharides; the ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge, with the anomeric carbon on the right and the oxygen atom to the rear
• Anomeric Carbon


  The hemiacetal carbon of the cyclic form of a monosaccharide
• Anomers


  Monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons
• Furanose


  A five-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide
• Pyranose


  A six-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide
• Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides

  • D-glucopyranose
  • D-glucopyranose
• Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides

  α (OH below the ring), β (OH above the ring)
• Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides

  Fructose forms either a 6-member pyranose ring or a 5-member furanose ring
• Chair Conformation


  A more accurate representation of pyranose sugars than Haworth projections
• Oligosaccharides


  Short polymers containing 2-10 monosaccharide residues, mildly sweet, used as partial substitutes for fats and sugars
• Oligosaccharides


  • Disaccharide (2 monosaccharides)
  • Trisaccharide (3 monosaccharides)
• Glycosidic Bond


  The ether linkage formed when a hemiacetal of a monosaccharide reacts with a hydroxyl on another sugar