phys

• Natural Philosophy


  The study of nature and its phenomenon in orderly manner
• Classes of Study of nature

  • Biological sciences
  • Physical sciences
• Biological sciences


  The study of living things
• Physical sciences

  The study of non-living things
• Physics


  The branch of Science which deals with the study of matter, energy and their relationship
• Main frontiers of fundamental sciences

  • The world of largest things like universe
  • The world of smallest things like electrons protons etc.
  • The world of middle sized things, from molecule to Earth
• Areas of Physics

  • Disciplinary Areas of Physics
  • Interdisciplinary areas of physics
• Disciplinary Areas of Physics

  The pure branches of Physics like Mechanics, optics, sound etc.
• Interdisciplinary areas of physics

  The branches of Physics link with other fields of sciences like Bio Physics, Astro physics, Chemical Physics
• Branches of Physics

  • Nuclear physics
  • Solid state physics
  • Particle physics
  • Relativistic mechanics
• Nuclear physics

  The branch of physics which deals with study of atomic nuclei
• Solid state physics

  The branch of physics which deals with study of structure and properties of solids
• Particle physics


  The branch of physics which deals with elementary particles/ultimate particles
• Relativistic mechanics

  The branch of physics which deals with motion of such objects whose speed is approaching the speed of light
• Mass is form of energy. 9*10^16 J of energy is obtained from one kilogram mass
• Light year


  The distance which light travel in one year, its value is 9.5*10^15 m
• Physics plays an important role in the development of science and technology, information media and fast mean of communication made the world global village, The computer networks are product of silicon chips, Silicon is obtained from sand
• Physical Quantities


  All measurable quantities like mass, temperature, force etc. It has two types, base quantities, and derived quantities
• Base Quantities

  The quantities which are not derived from other quantities
• Derived Quantities

  The quantities which are derived from base quantities
• Steps For Measurement Of Physical Quantity

  • Choice of standard
  • To establish procedure to measuring physical quantity
• Characteristics Of An Ideal Standard

  • It is accessible
  • It is invariable
• International System Of Units (SI)

  A system that was established in 1960 which describe the units of physical quantities, it is built up from three types of unit's base, derived and supplementary units
• Base Units


  • Length (Meter, m)
  • Mass (Kilogram, kg)
  • Time (Second, s)
  • Temperature (Kelvin, k)
  • Electric current (Ampere, a)
  • Intensity of light (Candela, cd)
  • Amount of substance (Mole, mol)
• Derived Units


  The units of derived quantities like unit of force is newton, unit of pressure is Pascal
• Supplementary Units


  The units which were not classified in SI as either base or derived units, like Radian and Steradian
• Radian

  Plane angle between two radii of a circle whose arc length is equal to radius of circle
• Steradian

  Solid angle subtended at the center of sphere whose area is equal to square of its radius, its value is 4π
• Scientific Notation

  Technique in which numbers are expressed in standard form by using the power of ten
• Conventions for indicating units

  • Full name of unit does not starts with capital letter if named after scientist
  • The symbol of unit after a scientist has initial capital letter
  • Prefixes should be used before unit
  • Combination of base unit is written with one space apart
  • Compound prefixes are not allowed
  • When a multiple of base unit is raised to power of ten then power is applied to whole multiple not on base unit alone
• Prefixes Table

  • Atto (10^-18)
  • Femto (10^-15)
  • Pico (10^-12)
  • Nano (10^-9)
  • Micro (10^-6)
  • Milli (10^-3)
  • Centi (10^-2)
  • Deci (10^-1)
  • Deca (10^1)
  • Hecto (10^2)
  • Killo (10^3)
  • Mega (10^6)
  • Giga (10^9)
  • Tera (10^12)
  • Peta (10^15)
  • Exa (10^18)
• Error

  Difference of actual and observed value
• Causes of error

  • Negligence of person
  • Inexperience of a person
  • Faulty apparatus
  • Incorrect method or technique
• Types of Error

  • Random Error
  • Systematic error
• Random Error

  Error which occur when repeated measurements give different values under same condition
• Systematic error

  Error which occur due to faulty apparatus as zero error in instrument
• Significant Figures

  The accurately known digit and first doubtful digit in any measurement
• Rules of significant figures

  • All digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 are significant
  • Zero may or may not be significant
  • Zero between two significant figure is significant
  • Zero to left of significant figures is not significant
  • Zero to right of significant figures may or may not be significant
  • In measurement in scientific notation, the figures other than the power of ten are significant
• Rules for Rounding off a Number

  • If the first digit is less than 5 then last digit retained should not change
  • If the first digit is greater than 5 then last digit retained is increased by one
  • If the last digit is 5 then previous digit is increased one if it odd, and no change if it is even
• Precision


  The least count of measuring instrument, measurement which has less absolute uncertainty