General Biology 2

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  • Transport mechanism in invertebrates
    • without circulatory system
    • with circulatory system
  • without circulatory system
    hydras and planarias
  • with circulatory system
    • open circulatory system
    • closed circulatory system
  • hemolymph
    is present instead of blood.
  • open circulatory system

    present in arthropods and mollusks.
  • Circulatory pathways in vertebrates
    • single-loop
    • double-loop
  • single loop is common in fishes, heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle.
  • double loop has a systemic and pulmonary circuits.
  • heart is coned-shape muscular organ about the size of a fist.
  • heart is located behind the sternum and tilted to the left.
  • pathway of the blood from the body through the human heart is controlled by the different valves.
  • pulmonary circuit collects oxygen-poor blood from all parts of he body to the lungs.
  • systemic circuit carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs throughout the body.
  • plasma of the blood is about 55% of the whole count of the blood in the human body. it contains proteins involved in buffering the blood.
  • red blood cells contain hemoglobin which makes it red in color
  • granulocytes consists of 3 phils
    • neutrophils
    • eosinophils
    • basophils
  • agranulocytes - the monocytes are the largest know leukocytes which are large phagocytic macrophages.
  • lymphocytes have a distinct role in adaptive immunity because of T-cells and B-cells
  • platelets are known for its important function in blood clotting.
  • capillary exchange 3 phases
    • filtration
    • no net movement
    • reabsorption
  • circulatory system is responsible for the movement of fluids between various parts of the body.
  • blood is present in a closed system