Science

• Chromosome


  A structure in the cell nucleus that contains the genetic material
• Chromatid


  One of the two identical copies of a chromosome after DNA replication
• Chromatin


  The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the contents of the cell nucleus
• Transcription


  The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA
• Translation


  The process of synthesizing proteins from the information encoded in mRNA
• Mitosis


  The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells
• Meiosis


  The process of cell division that results in four genetically distinct daughter cells
• Mitosis and meiosis are both involved in making new cells
• Diploid


  Having two complete sets of chromosomes
• Interphase


  Cell duplicates chromosomes
• During interphase, the cell duplicates the chromosomes
• Some insects like mosquitoes have 6 chromosomes
• PMAT


  The stages of mitosis and meiosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase
• Meiosis


  1. Prophase I

  2. Metaphase I

  3. Anaphase I

  4. Telophase I

  5. Prophase II

  6. Metaphase II

  7. Anaphase II

  8. Telophase II
• Homologous chromosomes


  Chromosomes that are approximately the same size and contain the same types of genes in the same locations
• Crossing over


  The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis
• Recombinant chromosomes


  Chromosomes that have undergone crossing over and contain a new combination of genetic material
• Mitosis results in two identical, diploid cells
• Meiosis results in four non-identical, haploid cells (gametes)
• When a sperm and egg cell combine, it results in a diploid, fertilized egg (zygote)