Nutritional requiments and modes of procurement

• Nutritional Requirements of Animals

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Vitamins and Minerals
• Mechanisms of Nutrient Procurement in Animals

  • Filter-feeding and bulk transport in sponges
  • Trapping of food or prey by using tentacles in hydra
  • Sucking of soil and nutrients in earthworms, leeches, and mosquitoes
  • Picking through beaks in birds
  • Use of jaws and teeth in most vertebrates
• Diet type


  Role in the evolution of the structures used by animals to acquire food
• Animals have basic biomolecule requirements to sustain biological functions
• Carbohydrates


  Important biomolecules needed by animals as a primary source of energy
• Proteins


  Essential nutrient needed by animals that serve diverse functions such as being components of enzymes and structural molecules
• Lipids


  Essential biomolecules needed by animals to form cellular and organelle membranes, can also act as energy storage molecules
• Nucleic Acids


  As important as other biomolecules, their monomers are used in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and ATP
• Minerals and Vitamins


  • Minerals - basic elements that animals need for metabolic processes
  • Vitamins - organic compounds that are usually present in trace amounts in an animal's diet
• Snakes feed in frequencies that vary with their age, sex, and size
• Snakes utilize multiple senses to locate their potential prey, such as detecting chemicals in air and heat emitted by their target through infrared vision
• Animals and humans have various biological features and means to detect changes in their internal and external environments
• Glial Cells


  • General Functions
  • Types
• Sensory Structures


  • Signal Transduction
  • Sensory Receptors
• Motor Structures


  • Effector Organs
• Desensitization of receptors in the body


  Can become harmful to an organism
• A stimulus from the internal or external environment can elicit responses in an animal
• Nervous System


  Coordinates with other organ systems to elicit responses
• Sensory Neurons


  Send signals to the central nervous system regarding the stimuli that they detected
• Motor Neurons


  Receive signals from the central nervous system to generate the appropriate responses
• Receptors


  Detect various types of stimuli from the environment, usually specific to the type of stimuli
• Effector Organs


  Structures that generate the changes and responses to stimuli, such as muscles and glands
• Sensory and motor neurons

  Functionally related to each other