GENBIO LESSON 0-6

• Anatomy


  A branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts – their forms and arrangements
• Physiology


  Concerned with the functions of the body parts –what they do and how they do it
• Characteristics of all living things

  • Are made of cells
  • Need energy
  • Respond to the environment
  • Reproduce
  • Grow and develop
• Levels of Structural Organization

  • Atom
  • Molecules
  • Macromolecules
  • Organelle
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organism
  • Organ System
• System


  A group of cells, tissues and organs that work together both physically and chemically to carry out a task
• Human Body Systems (Organ Systems)

  • Integumentary System
  • Muscular System
  • Skeletal System
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Circulatory/Cardiovascular System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Excretory/Urinary System
  • Reproductive System
• Relevant Vocabulary


  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Fission
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Sporulation
  • Isogamy
  • Heterogamy
  • Hermaphrodite
  • Parthenogenesis
• Asexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of gametes or sex cells
• Sexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that involves the use of gametes or sex cells
• Fission


  Type of asexual reproduction involving the division of body into two or more equal parts
• Fragmentation


  Type of asexual reproduction where the body breaks into two or more parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a complete individual
• Budding


  Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its parent, develops organs like those of the parent, and then detaches itself
• Sporulation


  Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule or spore, which later on germinates
• Isogamy


  Fusion of similar gametes which are usually motile
• Heterogamy


  Fusion of dissimilar gametes. In oogamy, a large immotile gamete, the egg is fertilized by a small motile gamete, the sperm
• Hermaphrodite


  An organism with both male and female reproductive tissues
• Parthenogenesis


  Reproduction of offspring without fertilization
• Types of Reproduction


  • Sexual
  • Asexual
• Asexual Reproduction


  One parent is involved in producing an offspring
• Types of Asexual Reproduction

  • Binary fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Parthenogenesis
  • Vegetative reproduction
  • Spore formation
• Binary fission


  Simplest process of asexual reproduction. The body of an organism divides into new bodies
• Budding


  There will be a bud that develops in the organism and it will break off. That bud will produce a new organism
• Fragmentation


  Body is divided into two or more parts, wherein each fragment develops into an organism like its parent
• Parthenogenesis


  Reproduction of offspring without fertilization. The unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal
• Vegetative reproduction


  A plant part is used to reproduce another plant
• Spore formation


  Involves the production of spores, which are specialized asexual reproductive cells
• Stages of Sexual Reproduction

  • Gametogenesis
  • Fertilization
• Gametogenesis


  The formation of male and female gametes
• Spermatogenesis


  The formation of sperm cells in males
• Oogenesis


  The formation of egg cells in females
• Types of Fertilization


  • External fertilization
  • Internal fertilization
• External fertilization


  The union of egg and sperm occurs outside the female reproductive tract
• Internal fertilization


  The union of egg and sperm occurs within the female reproductive tract
• Types of Embryonic Development

  • Oviparity
  • Ovoviviparity
  • Viviparity
• Oviparity


  The eggs are fertilized internally and deposited outside the mother's body to complete its development
• Ovoviviparity


  The eggs are fertilized internally, and they complete their development within the mother. The zygotes grow into embryos, which receive their nourishment through the yolk
• Viviparity


  The eggs are fertilized internally. The embryos receive nourishment directly from the mother's blood through the placenta rather than from the yolk
• Essential Features of Human Reproduction

  • Liberation of an ovum
  • Internal fertilization of the ovum
  • Transport of the fertilized ovum to the uterus
  • Implantation of the blastocyst
  • Formation of a placenta and maintenance of the unborn child
  • Birth of the child and expulsion of the placenta
  • Suckling and care of the child
• Phylogenetic evidence or the evolutionary history of organisms, the primitive ancestor of plants and animals was likely a unicellular eukaryote
• Molecular evidence from gene comparisons, there is not much similarity between the genes that make up the body plan of plants and of animals