avfun midterms\

• • Tension Stress
  • Acts on an object pulling it at its end. ; stretch
  • Stress experienced by an object when forces are acting in the opposite direction.
• • Compression Stress
  • Opposite of Tension
  • Compressng the acting of an aircraft moves towards each other to squeeze the material.
  • Stress experienced by an object when forces are acting towards each other.
  • Ex. Landing gear during landing — fuselage is compressing the metal connecting thebody & the wheels.
• • Torsional Stress
  • Twisting force the material
  • Commonly seen in small aircrafts that have propeller in front
  • Stress that can cause an object to twist. The rotational of the shafts inside the enginecreates torsion stress.
  • Ex. Engine & Wings — Rotating shaft (a machine that generates power to make flightpossible)
• • Shear Stress
  • 2 laminated material joint—tend to pull apart/separate- Stress is exerted when 2 pcs material tends to separate.
  • Stress is created because of forces acting in the opposite direction at different levels orlayers.
  • Ex. Skin of an aircraft is held together with the help of rivets (a tool used to fastenthings), shear stress happens due to the force of lift & drag — due to wind direction.
• • Bending Stress
  • Combination stress
  • Tension and Compression combination.
  • Aircraft wings —-- upper part (tension); lower part (compression)
  • Ex. wings experience stress due to sudden wind direction. If the wing bends upward, theupper surface will experience compression while the lower surface will experiencetensile stres
• • Lift - perpendicular relative to the wind direction
• • Drag - parallel/ same with the wind direction
• • The resistance to these loads and the stresses that are created are called the Strength of thestructure.
• • Fuselage
  • Central/main body of an airplane.
  • Usually an aluminum type.
  • Designed to accommodate crew, passenger, and cargo
• • 3cs - Cockpit, Cabin, Cargo
• • 3 Types of Fuselage
  • Truss
  • Monocoque
  • Semi Monocoque
• • Truss
  • External basing; no skin covering
  • More air drags
  • Used for lightweight aircraft.
  • Wright flyer type fuselage
• • Monocoque
  • French term — “single shell”
  • All skin covering; no parts inside
  • Solely relies on screen covering, strength of the skin.
  • If there’s high altitude
  • = high pressure; it is easily broken, not sturdy.
• • Semi Monocoque
  • Truss and monocoque combination.
  • With external basings and skin covering
  • Used in modern aircrafts; sturdiest
• • Different Parts of Fuselage
  • Longerons
  • Formers
  • Bulkhead
  • Struts and Stringers
  • Stringers
  • Struts
  • Skin
• • Longerons
  • Main structural part of an aircraft fuselage; main pillar.
  • The other parts of the fuselage are attached here.
• • Bulkhead - Acts as the partition or wall for the fuselage. - Separate the cockpit, cabin and cargo
• • Struts and stringers - Distributes different the 5 major stresses evenly across the fuselage. - If there's any stress, the structure will fail. - Its use to strengthen the aircraft fuselage.
• Stringers -

  smaller longerons - Runs from end to end of the aircraft fuselage. - Runs along the fuselage
• • Struts -
  • Stressed skin
  • - Located at the side of the aircraft fuselage.
• • Skin - stressors [tension, compression, torsion, bending, shear]
• • WINGS - main lifting surface that support the airplane in flight.
  • Generate lift to fly
  • Aluminum type
  • Without wings, it is not possible to make flight.
• • Spar -long latitudinal of the aircraft beam -
  • Main pillar/beam of aircraft wings
  • Like Longerons
• Ribs - Gives shape and strength to aircraft wings. - Like Formers
• • Stringers - It distributes aerodynamic load evenly across the aircraft wings.
  • - Major stresses
• • Wing root and Wing tip
  • attached at the wings
• Wing root - connected / near the fuselage
• Wing Tip - connected farther the fuselage
• Wing flap- provide assistance in the aircraft

  • It helps the pilot
• • Aileron - control movement about the longitudinal axis of an aircraft. This movement is referred to as "roll".
• • Fuel tank - Accessibility for re-fueling the aircraft
  • purposes: weight and balance, safety and security - revenue purposes - far from passengers
• Wing installation - The wings location on aircraft fuselage
• high wing configuration - wings attached on the TOP of fuselage > don't block the view of passenge
• mid wing configuration - wings attached on the MIDDLE of fuselage
• low wing configuration - wings attached on the BOTTOM of fuselage > blocked the view of the passenger
• Planform - It shows the shape of the wings when viewed from above or from the birds eye view
• • Leading Edge - front part of the aircraft wing
  • Trailing Edge - back part ng aircraft wing
• Tapered Leading Edge, Straight Trailing Edge - May bawas harap (leading edge); straight sa likod (trailing edge)
• Tapered Leading and Trailing Edge - May bawas both harap and likod
• • Straight Leading and Trailing Edge - walang bawas both leading and trailing. Straight both