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• genetic recombination


  Recombination occurs when two molecules of DNA exchange pieces of their genetic material with each other. occurs in prophase 1
• Mendel's Principle of Segregation

  In diploid organisms, chromosome pairs (and their alleles) are separated into individual gametes (eggs or sperm) to transmit genetic information to offspring.
• principal of independent assortment


  Alleles on different chromosomes are distributed randomly to individual gametes.
• beginning of dna replication

  First, a so-called initiator protein unwinds a short stretch of the DNA double helix. Then, a protein known as helicase attaches to and breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the DNA strands, thereby pulling apart the two strands
• replicating the leading and lagging strands

  The leading strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together. The leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand.
• origin of replication


  a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated
• replication fork


  A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.
• primase


  uses the parental DNA strand as a template to make the primer alongside dna nucleotides
• sliding clamp


  Holds DNA polymerase in place during strand extension
• dna polymerase 3


  remains in the replication fork on the template strand and continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses
• Photosynthesis equation


  6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• cellular respiration equation


  C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
• transcription initiation


  RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region of DNA strand, and synthesis begins
• transcription elongation


  mRNA is assembled by adding nucleotides complementary to DNA template strand
• transcription termination


  When RNA polymerase reaches terminator, transcription stops & RNA chain is released
• dna dependent rna polymerase

  enzyme that uses DNA as a model to build the mRNA chain
• promoter region


  region of DNA that RNA polymerase attaches to to begin transcription.
• transcription factors


  mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription
• translation initiation


  methylated tRNA binds to ribosome and attaches to mRNA
• translation elongation


  amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid
• translation termination


  ribosome reads stop codon UAA/UAG/UGA
• codon


  A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
• anticodon


  a sequence of three bases forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
• shine delgarno sequence


  ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG.
• Ribosome E site


  where tRNA leaves the ribosome
• ribosome a site


  where peptide bond forms and tRNA enters
• Ribosome P site


  holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
• release factor


  Proteins that can trigger termination of RNA translation when a ribosome reaches a stop codon.
• start codons


  signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine
• stop codon


  codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation
• ATP


  Adenosine Triphosphate
• How does ATP release energy?

  When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate bond is broken
• cellular respiration


  Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
• where does glycosis occur


  cytoplasm
• where does krebs cycle occur

  mitochondria
• where does the electron transport chain occur

  inner membrane of mitochondria
• role of oxygen in cellular respiration


  final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain
• how does fermentation occur

  Fermentation in cells always begins with Glycolysos. This process breaks glucose into 2 pyruvic acids. Because

  oxygen isn't present, the pathway will continue-depending upon the kind of cell (bacteria, yeast, animal muscle cells).
• why does fermentation occur

  to free up the electron carriers so they can keep Glycolysis going and making ATP
• G1 checkpoint


  checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage