Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions

• is the biological process by which offspring are produced from their parent or parents.

  reproduction
• offspring are produced by a single parent; no sperm and egg needed

  asexual reproduction
• involves the fusion of two cells

  sexual reproduction
• • Use of sex cells (gametes) • Involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote • Genetic variability


  sexual reproduction
• •Does not involve gametes, instead parts of a mature organism may develop to new individuals. • Offspring is genetically identical to the parent

  asexual reprodduction
• separation of the body into two new bodies

  -common in single-celled organisms


  binary fission
• a new organism develops from an outgrowth from the parent body known as bud

  once grown, the organism detaches from the parent body

  budding
• the parent body breaks into several pieces where each piece grows into a new individual

  fragmentation
• • A plant part such as stems, leaves, roots or turions are used to reproduce new plants.

  vegetative reprodduction
• produced sperm (spermatogenesis)


  seminiferous tubules
• male reproductive organs 


  testes
• development of ovarian follicles


  oogenesis
• area where fertilization occurs

  fallopian tubes (oviducts)
• -endometrium

  -myometrium


  uterus (womb)
• formation of membranes that supports, protects, and nourish the embryo

  embryonic stage
• organs differentiate further and grow

  fetal stage
• releasing hormones (GnRH)


  gonadotrophin
• Male: causes the testes to secrete testosterone

  luteinizing hormone
• female: causes ovulation and it causes to secrete progesterone


  luteinizing hormone
• causes the testes to produce sperm

  follicle stimulating hormone
• causes the growth of an ovarian follicle and it causes the follicle cells to secrete estrogen

  follicle stimulating hormone
• male portion of a flower made up of an anther and filament 


  stamen
• female portion of a flower

  carpel/pistil
• sticky; to trap pollen

  stigma
• hollow tube that connects stigma and ovary

  style
• produces female gametes 


  ovary
• stamens and pistils occur on separate flowers but the same plant


  monoecious
• staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants

  dioecious
• the transfer of pollen from an anther to a receptive stigma

  pollination
• animals, wind, water, humans

  agents
• one sperm and egg combine, forming a diploid zygote, the future embryo

  fertilization
• ovules become the seed 


  embryo development
• is the resumption of growth and development after a period of seed dormancy

  germination
• growth, apical dominance (one main shot), phototropism, gravitropism

  auxin
• growth (shoot elongation)


  gibberellins
• growth (cell division), promotes lateral buds


  cytokinins