LAB

• Phytochemicals


  Also known as phytonutrients, refer to a large group of non-nutritious but bioactive compounds derived from plant foods including fruits, vegetables, and grains
• Types of phytochemicals


  • Polyphenols
  • Flavonoids
  • Anthocyanidins
  • Phytoestrogen
  • Terpenoids
  • Carotenoids
  • Limonoids
  • Phytosterol
  • Glucosinulates
• Phytochemicals


  • Nonnutritive
  • Plant based bioactive compounds
  • Antibacterial
  • Antifungal
  • Antiinflammatory
  • Antiallergic
  • Chemopreventive
• Phytochemicals' main roles

  • Substrate for biochemical reactions
  • Cofactors and inhibitors for enzymatic reactions
  • Scavengers for toxic chemicals
  • Selective growth factor for beneficial bacteria
• Nutraceuticals


  Substance that is food or part of foods that provide medical or health benefits including prevent of disease
• Extraction


  Process of separation of bioactive components of plants using selective solvent
• Carotenoids


  • Protect against uterine, prostate, colorectal, lung and digestive tract cancer
• Phytosterols


  • Suppress growth of tumors via initiation of apoptosis and arrest of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle
• Polyphenols

  • Flavonoids
  • Isoflavonoids
  • Anthocynanins
• Polyphenols


  • Action against free radicals, inflammation, allergies, platlet aggregation, and hepatotoxins
• Phytoestrogen


  • Protection against bone loss and heart disease, breast and uterine cancers
• Sapponins


  • Protection against pathogens, antimicrobial, antiflammatory, antiulceragent
• Fiber and polysaccharides


  • Reduced blood cholesterol, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antinflammatory, enhance defense
• Extraction Solvents


  • Water
  • Anthocyanin
  • Starches
  • Tannins
  • Terpenoids
  • Saponins
  • Lectins
  • Methanol
  • Polyphenols
  • Lactones
  • Flavones
  • Xanthoxylins
  • Ethanol
  • Polyacetylenes
  • Flavonol
  • Sterols
  • Acetone
  • Phenols
  • Flavonols
  • Chloroform
  • Flavanoids
  • Dichloromethanol
  • Polypeptides
  • Ether
  • Alkaloids
  • Coumarins
  • Fatty acids
• Characteristics of good solvents

  • Low toxicity
  • Ease of evaporation
  • High absorption of the extract
  • Preservative action
  • High % yield
• Techniques of phytochemical extractions

  • General
  • Maceration
  • Infusion
  • Percolation
  • Digestion
  • Soxhlet
  • Aqueous-alcoholic by fermentation
  • Microwave-assisted
  • Sonication
  • SFE (supercritical fluid extraction)
  • Headspace trapping
  • Solid phase microextraction
  • Protoplast
  • Microdistillation
  • Thermomicrodistillation
• Aromatic plants extraction techniques

  • Hydrodistillation techniques (water, steam)
  • Hydrolytic maceration
• Ethnobotany


  Study of plants in relation to people including wild and domesticated plants