Geology

• The Earth's crust is composed mainly of silicate minerals, with the most abundant being feldspar.
• Felsic rocks are light-colored and contain high amounts of quartz and feldspar.
• Mafic rocks are darker colored and have higher iron content than felsic rocks.
• Intrusive (plutonic) igneous rocks form from slow cooling within the earth's interior or beneath the surface.
• Igneous rock formation occurs when molten material cools and solidifies into a new rock type.
• Ultramafic rocks are even more magnesium rich than mafic rocks and can be found at the base of oceanic lithosphere plates.
• Intrusive (plutonic) rocks form when molten material cools slowly beneath the surface.
• Ultramafic rocks are very rich in magnesium and iron oxides and are found at great depths within the mantle.
• Igneous rocks can be classified based on their texture as intrusive or extrusive.
• Ultramafic rocks are very rich in magnesium and iron compared to other types of rock.
• Ultramafic rocks are very rich in magnesium and iron compared to other rock types.
• Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation and cementation of sediments derived from pre-existing rocks.
• Extrusive (volcanic) rocks form when molten material erupts onto the Earth's surface.
• Granites are coarse-grained plutons that can be found as large masses called batholiths.
• Examples of ultramafic rocks include peridotite and gabbro.
• Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation and lithification of sediments.
• Examples of intrusive igneous rocks include granite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite.
• Metamorphism occurs when existing rock undergoes physical changes due to heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
• Extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocks form when magma erupts onto the surface and cools rapidly.
• Diorites are fine to medium grained plutons containing more mafic minerals compared to granites.
• The three main types of sedimentary rocks include clastic, chemical, and organic.
• Examples of ultramafic rocks include peridotite, gabbro, and dunite.
• The three main types of intrusive rocks are granitoid, diorite/dolerite, and gabbro/basalt.
• Clastic sedimentary rocks consist of fragments of other rocks that were transported and deposited by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
• Mafic rocks contain high amounts of silica but low levels of calcium and sodium.
• Clastic sediments are formed by weathering and erosion processes that break down pre-existing rocks into smaller pieces.
• The three main categories of igneous rocks include intrusive, extrusive, and volcanic.
• Felsic rocks have high levels of silica and potassium, while intermediate rocks have moderate levels of both.
• Chemical sedimentary rocks form from precipitation of dissolved materials such as carbonates, sulfates, silica, and iron oxides.
• Peridotite is composed mainly of olivine and pyroxene with some garnet and clinopyroxene.
• Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed from dissolved materials precipitating out of water bodies such as rivers, oceans, or lakes.
• Sediments can be transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
• Granites are coarse-grained plutons that contain large crystals of quartz, feldspar, and biotite.
• Gabbro is an extrusive equivalent of basalt.
• Clastic sediments are formed from weathered materials that have been transported by water, wind, ice, or gravity and deposited as layers.
• Regional metamorphism is caused by tectonic forces compressing and deforming rocks over long distances.
• Regional metamorphism is caused by tectonic forces such as mountain building.
• Granitoids are coarse-grained intrusions that contain mostly quartz, feldspar, and biotite/hornblende.
• Contact metamorphism is caused by high temperatures generated during the cooling of an intrusion.
• Chemical sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation of dissolved materials such as carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, phosphates, and oxides.