MT 1Introduction

• Hierarchical structural organization

  • From atoms to organisms
• Complementarity of structure and function

  • What a structure can do depends on its form
• Homeostasis

  Dynamic state of equilibrium; internal conditions vary within relatively narrow limits
• Anatomy

  Study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
• Gross anatomy


  Study of large body structures
• Microscopic anatomy

  Study at the microscopic level of cells (cytology) and tissues (histology)
• Physiology


  Study of the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
• Levels of structural organization

  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organismal
• Main types of tissue

  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
• Structure of the eukaryotic cell

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM)


  -Acellular component of tissues and organs

  - supports cells

  -mediates important chemical and mechanical cues for tissue generation and homeostasis

  
• Components of the ECM


  • Proteins (structural and adhesive)
  • Polysaccharides (proteoglycans)
  • Interstitial fluid
• Ozempic


  Treatment for diabetes type 2
• GLP-1


  Hormone released by the small intestine that binds to the GLP-1 receptor located at the surface of the pancreatic β-cells to enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion

  
• GLP-1 agonist


  Manufactured substance that attaches to a cell receptor and causes the same action as the naturally occurring GLP-1 hormone

  
• Other GLP-1 effects


  • Slowing stomach emptying
  • Increasing satiety after eating
• FDA is investigating potential side effects of Ozempic including suicidal ideation, hair loss, and swallowing problems
• Homeostasis is a self-regulating process by which an organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
• Pathology


  Medical specialty concerned with the study of the nature and causes of diseases or injury
• Homeostatic control mechanisms

  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Input
  4. Output (sent to Effector)
  5. Response

  
• Negative feedback


  The mechanisms causes the variable to change in direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning to its ideal value
• Positive feedback


  The initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater
• Homeostatic regulation reflects the complex interaction of multiple feedback systems that can be modified by higher control centers

  
• Positive feedback


  The initial response enhances the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater. The feedback mechanism is positive because the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range.
• Positive feedback

  • Blood clotting
  • Oxytocin release during child birth (intensifies labor contractions)

  
• Homeostatic regulation


  Not merely the product of a single negative feedback cycle but reflects the complex interaction of multiple feedback systems that can be modified by higher control centers. This hierarchical control and feedback redundancy results in a finer level of control and a greater flexibility that enables the organism to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

  
• Renal control of blood pressure
• Medical technology


  Any technology used for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic, therapeutic, monitoring) by combining engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology.
• Medical devices


  Products intended for a medical purpose.
• In vitro diagnostic medical devices


  Products which provide medically useful diagnostic information by examination of a specimen derived from the human body.
• Digital health


  Tools and services that use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring and management of health and lifestyle.
• Pathway of Stimulus

  Receptor->Afferent Pathways ->Control Center ->Efferent Pathways->Effector
• Plasma membrane

  • outer boundary of cell
  • selectively permeable barrier
• Cytoplasm

  • intracellular fluid
  • packed with organelles
• Organelles


  small structures that perform specific cell functions
• Nucleus


  organelle that controls cellular activities
• integrins


  proteins that bind cells to the ECM