Plant & animals

• taxonomy- description, identification, nomenclature, classification
• evolutionary relationship refers to how closely related two species are through common ancestry.
• the main purpose of classification is to organize living things according to their evolutionary relationships so that they can be easily identified and studied.
• classification is the process of grouping organisms into categories based on their similarities or differences.
• phylogeny is the evolutionary history or lineage of an organism from its origin to the present day.
• homologous structures have similarities due to their shared ancestral origins.
• analogous structures look alike but do not share a common ancestor.
• phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships among different groups of organisms.
• there are different methods used in classifying living things such as morphological (physical appearance), physiological (functional processes), ecological (environmental factors), genetic (DNA analysis), and phylogenetic (evolutionary history).
• phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms.
• homologous structures refer to body parts with similar structure but different functions due to adaptation.
• analogous structures refer to body parts with similar function but different structure due to convergent evolution.
• phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms by depicting them as branches on a tree.
• vascular plants have xylem and phloem tissues which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
• vestigial structure is a reduced or modified version of a once functional structure.
• convergent evolution occurs when unrelated groups evolve similar traits as adaptations to similar environments.
• vestigial structure is a remnant of a once-functional body part that has lost its function over time.
• divergent evolution involves the development of different characteristics by descendants of a single ancestor.
• evolutionary trees are constructed using morphological, physiological, biochemical, genetic, and molecular data.
• morphology refers to the physical structure of an organism.
• physiology refers to the functions of an organism's organs and systems.
• the classification system includes kingdom, division/phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
• kingdom refers to the highest level of taxonomic category that divides all life forms into five major divisions: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, and monera.
• taxonomic classification groups organisms according to their relate

  dness?
• a clade is a group of related organisms descended from a common ancestor.
• taxonomic classification groups organisms according to their?
• Vascular plants


  Plants that have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant
• Xylem


  A type of vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. It is made up of dead cells arranged in a series of tubes, which allows water to move upward through the plant against gravity.
• Phloem


  A type of vascular tissue that transports sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plant. It is made up of living cells arranged in a series of tubes, which allows the movement of materials throughout the plant in both directions.
• organisms are classified based on hierarchy
• Linnaeus created a binomial nomenclature system where every species has two names - genus and specific epithet
• Genus is usually italicized or underlined
• Specific Epithet is capitalized only at the beginning of a sentence
• The first name is always capitalized while the second name is not
• The first letter of the genus name is always capitalized while the first letter of the specific epithet is not
• genetic traits refer to the specific sequence o f DNA in an organism's genome
• physiological traits are mainly focused on the functional features of the structure
• developmental traits refer to set of developmental features that can be for the classification of organism
• morphological traits refer to a physical features of organism
• taxonomic trait are the characters used to classify organism