Henry VIII's Foreign Policies

• What were Henry VIII's foreign policy aims 1509-1514?


  Aggressive foreign policy to claim war glory like Henry V's Battle of Agincourt
• What treaty did councillors renew to seek continuous peace?

  Treaty of Etaples in 1510
• What league did Henry join that was anti-French alliance and who else was a part of it?

  Holy League with Spain, HRE, Venice and the Papacy
• How was the first invasion of France humiliating for Henry?

  Invasion of 1512 achieved nothing and proved Henry to be naive as his father-in-law Ferdinand used Henry's troops as a diversion to conquer Navarre
• How significant was the Battle of Spurs 1513?

  Small victory but also led to the capture of Therouanne and Tournai
• How successful was the Battle of Flodden 1513?


  Led to the Scottish King being killed and a lot of the nobility, but Henry didn't take advantage of this
• What were the limitations of the conflicts of 1513?

  Very expensive and caused Henry to liquidate inherited assets, there was almost another Yorkshire rebellion over the high taxation and he lost the French pension and returned their land for little monetary gain
• What were the running themes of foreign policy 1514-1526?


  England was a minor power, Wolsey picked up the pieces from Henry's overestimation of English power, the threat of the 'auld alliance' loomed over England
• How was Wolsey involved in foreign policy making 1514?

  Regained the French pension whilst securing a marriage between Mary (Henry's sister) and Louis XII which was short-lived
• How was England isolated 1516?

  Charles V of Spain made an alliance with the Francis in the Treaty of Noyon and the Treaty of Cambrai which made an alliance between the Emperor Maximilian and Francis
• What highlighted Henry's incapability in 1517?

  His inability to exploit the schism between Scottish nobles when the Duke of Albany was named heir presumptive because he was a member of French nobility
• How did Wolsey end England's isolation?

  Treaty of London 1518 created general European peace which was in the LT ineffective due to continued conflict
• What promotion did Wolsey receive for creating general European peace?

  Papal Legate
• What were after effects of the Treaty of London 1518?


  Friendship with France led to the sale of Tournai back to the French and peaceful Anglo-Scottish border.
• What was the reason for the Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520?


  England and France shared equal concern of increased Spanish power with the election of a new heir
• What did the Field of the Cloth of Gold achieve?

  Nothing except for depleting Crown funds by £15,000
• How did Wolsey make the Franco-Spanish conflict beneficial for England?

  Treaty of Bruges 1521 with Charles which would secure a marriage alliance with Princess Mary and the emperor, give French territory and a favourable position with the Pope
• How did Henry highlight his lack of strategic awareness?

  Battle of Pavia 1525, when Henry suggested an attack on northern France
• What were the consequences of the Battler of Pavia on Henry?

  Bruised ego, hatred towards Charles after rejecting the marriage proposal, Wolsey's domestic prestige was damaged
• What was significant about the Battle of Pavia?


  Francis I was captured by Charles V
• What was the League of Cognac?


  Anti-Imperial alliance, joined in 1526
• What was the Treaty of Amien 1527?


  Anti-Imperial Alliance with the French
• How did Wolsey's attempt to pressurise the Emperor backfire?

  Imposed a trade embargo on Burgundian Lands but Charles just retaliated which caused societal problems such as unemployment
• How were Henry's marital issues doomed to fail?

  Charles V's immense strength in the Battle of Landriano 1529, dominance of the Pope. Henry blamed Wolsey leading to his fall
• Why were there no immediate consequences of Henry's break with Rome?

  Charles was preoccupied with the Turks, so Henry made an alliance with the League of Schmalkalden
• How did 1536 relieve pressure on Henry's position?

  Catherine of Aragon died, Anne Boleyn executed, Charles renewed fighting with France
• How was Henry's position worsened in 1538?

  Papal Bull, telling Catholics they didn't have to listen to Henry, ,Treaty of Nice led to peace between Charles and Francis and they severed connections with England and the Pope tried to ignite a crusade against Henry
• How did Henry try to reassure Catholic opinions in England?

  Six Articles Act 1539
• Why did Henry marry Anne of Cleves and ally with the League of Schmalkalden?

  Insurance in case Francis and Charles allied against England to invade