mr panget

• Airport Design Standards​


  In order to provide assistance to airport designers and a reasonable amount of uniformity in the design of airport facilities for aircraft operations, design guidelines have been prepared by the FAA and the ICAO. Any design criteria involving the widths, gradients, separations of runways, taxiways, and other features of the aircraft operations area must necessarily incorporate wide variations in aircraft performance, pilot technique, and weather conditions.​
• Wing Span


  This decides the width of taxiway, size of aprons and hangars.​
• Height


  This decides the height of hangar gate and other installations inside the hangar​
• Wheel base


  This decides minimum taxiway radius
• Tail Width


  Required for the size of parking and apron
• Takeoff and Landing distances


  A number of factors such as altitude of the airport, gradient of runway, direction and intensity of wind, temperature and the manner of landing and takeoff which influence the takeoff and landing distances​
• Tire pressure & contact area 


  it governs the thickness of the pavement​
• Aerodrome Reference Code​


  is a two-part categorization of aircraft types which simplifies the process of establishing whether a particular aircraft is able to use a particular aerodrome.​
• Aircraft Approach Category and ​ Airplane Design Group​


  The aircraft approach category is determined by the aircraft approach speed, which is defined as 1.3 times the stall speed in the landing configuration of aircraft at maximum certified landing weight.​ ​
• The airplane design group (ADG) 


  is a grouping of aircraft based upon wingspan or tail height. An airplane design group for a particular aircraft is assigned based on the greater (higher Roman numeral) of that associated with the aircraft’s wingspan or tail height.​
• Runway


  A runway is a rectangular area on the airport surface prepared for the takeoff and landing of aircraft.
• Runway Length​


  Other than orientation, planning and designing the length of a runway is critical to whether or not a particular aircraft can safely use the runway for takeoff or landing.
• Runway Width​


  The width of a runway is one of the elements that is affected by several geometrical characteristics of aeroplanes:​
• Taxiways​


  The major function of taxiways is to provide access for aircraft to travel to and from the runways to other areas of the airport in an expeditious manner. Taxiways are identified as parallel taxiways, entrance taxiways, bypass taxiways, or exit taxiways. A parallel taxiway is aligned parallel to an adjacent runway.
• Airport Terminal​


  The terminal area is the major interface between the airfield and the rest of the airport. It includes the facilities for passenger and baggage processing, cargo handling, and airport maintenance, operations, and administration activities. The passenger processing system is discussed at length in this chapter. Baggage processing, cargo handling, and apron requirements are also discussed relative to the terminal system.​
• The Apron Gate System


  The apron and gates are the locations at which aircraft park to allow the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo, as well as for aircraft servicing and preflight preparation prior to entering the airfield and airspace. The size of aircraft, particularly their lengths and wingspans, is perhaps the single greatest determinant of the area required for individual gates and apron parking spaces. The size of any given aircraft parking area is also determined by the orientation in which the aircraft will park, known as the aircraft parking type.​
• Visual aids 


  assist the pilot on approach to an airport, as well as navigating around an airfield and are essential elements of airport infrastructure. As such, these facilities require proper planning and precise design.​ ​
• Airport signs, markings, and lights


  are used to provide directions and assist pilots in airport operations. It is important for pilots to know the meanings of the signs, markings, and lights to help prevent runway incursions and pilot deviations while operating on the airport surface.​
• Mandatory instruction signs


  have a red background with a white inscription. They are used to denote an entrance to a runway or critical area, and areas where an aircraft is prohibited from entering.​
• Location signs 


  typically have a black background with a yellow inscription and yellow border. They are used to identify where the aircraft is located.​
• Direction signs 


  have a yellow background with a black inscription. Each designation is accompanied by an arrow indicating the direction of the turn. ​
• Airport Lighting​


  The majority of airports have some type of lighting for night operations. The variety and type of lighting systems depends on the volume and complexity of operations at a given airport. Airport lighting is standardized so that airports use the same light colors for runways and taxiways.​
• Airport Beacon​


  Airport beacons help a pilot identify an airport at night. The beacons are operated from dusk till dawn. Airport and heliport beacons have a vertical light distribution to make them most effective from 1° to 10° above the horizon. The beacon may be an omni-directional capacitor-discharge device, or it may rotate at a constant speed which produces the visual effect of flashes at regular intervals.​
• Taxiway Lights​


  Omnidirectional taxiway lights outline the edges of the taxiway and are blue in color. At many airports, these edge lights may have variable intensity settings that may be adjusted by an air traffic controller when deemed necessary or when requested by the pilot. Some airports also have taxiway centerline lights that are green in color.​
• Single – an airport having one runway​.
• • Parallel two or more runways at an airport whose centerlines are parallel​.
• Ø  Close parallel (centerlines are less than 2,500 feet apart)​

  Ø  Intermediate parallel (centerlines are 2,500 –4,300 feet apart)​

  Ø  Far parallel (centerlines are more than 4,300 feet apart)​
• Open V-are two intersecting runways whose extended centerlines intersection beyond their respective thresholds.
• • Intersecting two or more runways that cross or meet within their lengths​.