General Biology 2 (4th Quarter)

• Resemblance - Darwin made observations regarding the ____of species in South America
• Distribution- the location of the Galapagos Islands relative to mainland South America.
• Fossils- darwin noticed similarities between extinct organisms.
• Galapagos Finches- the most famous observations Darwin has made in the Galapagos are related to the Galapagos Finches. He noticed great variation.
• Darwin's ideas ere published in the book "on the origin of species" which means remains famous and relevant until today.
• Common Descent - All species have common ancestry.
• Speciation - refers to the process by which organisms change and evolve to form distinct new species.
• Gradualism- the change the happens to species does so ever very long periods of time.
• Natural Selection - organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• HOW WAS DARWIN'S THEORY DIFFERENT?

  •offered physical and scientific explanations

  •described the steps of evolution

  •described the evolution occured in groups

  •recognized the role of environmental influences.
• Charles Darwin - considered to be the father of evolution
• Ancient Beliefs - people have tried to explain the different events and phenomena that happen within the natural world.
• In place of scientific explanations, people used myths and other supernatural stories
• Historia Animalium - focuses on the history and descriptions of animals
• De Generatione Animalium - Describes animal reproduction.
• De Partibus Animalium - focuses on animal anatomy, morphology and physiology.
• Other works of Aristotle:

  Organon

  Metaphysics

  Poetics
• The Scala Naturae of Aristotle:

  Minerals-Plants-Animals-Humans
• Theophrastus - was one off Aristotle's successors and did extensive work on plants in his Historia Plantarum
• Pliny the Elder - wrote the work Naturalis Historia which tackled several fields such as biology, astronomy, mathematics and many other branches of science.
• Religious Creationism - most religious also have their own creation myths.
• The roman Catholic creation story is found in the BIBLE
• Al Jahiz- he published the Kitab al-hayawan, also known as the Book of the Animals
• St. Thomas Aquinas - a notable view he held was that natural phenomena do not occur without an ultimate purpose. He argued that natural events work toward some kind of purpose.
• Ibn Khaldun - publish Muqaddimah. It described the formation pf plants and animals from simple life forms to more complex ones.
• Many scientists of the 1700s and 1800s also proposed ideas about what eventually be known as evolution.
• Charles Bonnet (Considerations on Organized Bodies)- used the term evolution to described his own concept of preformation.
• Comte de Buffon - his work called Natural History of Animals, put forth ideas in comparative anatomy that are closely related to todays idea of evolution.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - His theory was called use and disuse, though already discredited, was also a major step toward the development of evolutionary theory.
• Lamarck's Use and Disuse

  Changes in organisms - simpler forms of like are continuously formed through spontaneous generation, which became more complex over time.

  Inheritance - the traits that the organisms have acquired through change can be passed onto their offspring.
• Robert Chambers (Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation)- claimed thet fossils show the progressive changes that happen to organisms.
• The unified theory of evolution

  • Many other concepts have been developed after Darwin's regarding evolution and integrated into his theory.
• Integration of genetics

  Mechanism - genetics explains the mechanism for the coding of traits.
• Inheritance - genetics provides a basis for the inheritance of traits.
• Changes - genetics explains how the traits of populations change over time.
• Adaptation - refers to both the mechanism of adjusting to environmental changes and features that organisms have or use to survive in their habitats.
• Woolly Mammoth - was only advantageous in cold climates.
• Genetic drift - refers to the change in the allele frequencies thet occur in a population as a result of chance.
• Phylogeny and Systematics- these fields are primarily concerned with studying the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
• Phylogenetic change - refers to the changes that occur during a species evolutionary history. Phylogenetic changes from fishes to early amphibians involve terrestrialization.