BIO

• Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making specific proteins or determining certain traits.
• Chromosomes are thread-like structures made up of DNA and proteins found inside the nucleus.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that determines an organism's characteristics.
• DNA is the genetic material found inside cells, consisting of long chains of nucleotides.
• The sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
• Nucleotides are molecules made up of three components - nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine), sugar deoxyribose, phosphate group
• Cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
• Cytoplasm contains various substances such as enzymes, ribosomes, and other molecules necessary for cellular processes.
• Cell membrane: A thin layer surrounding the cytoplasm that regulates what enters and exits the cell.
• Cytoplasm: The fluid substance within a cell where chemical reactions occur.
• Mitochondria produce energy through cellular respiration.
• Nucleotides are molecules composed of three parts - nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group
• Ribosome: Small structures responsible for protein synthesis.
• Protein synthesis involves transcription to make mRNA from DNA, followed by translation to create a polypeptide chain using tRNAs as adaptors.
• Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
• Ribosome is where protein synthesis occurs.
• Cytoplasm contains enzymes responsible for chemical reactions within the cell.
• Ribose is a type of sugar found in RNA
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using information from DNA.
• Ribosome: The site where proteins are synthesized within the cell.
• Mitochondria produce energy through respiration.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials within the cell.
• Mitochondrion: An organelle responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.
• Ribosome: Small structures found inside cells responsible for synthesizing proteins.
• Transcription occurs when RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and creates a complementary mRNA molecule with uracil instead of thymine.
• Mitochondria produce energy through aerobic respiration.
• Lysosome breaks down waste materials inside cells.
• Mitochondria: Organelles involved in energy production through respiration.
• Translation takes place at ribosomes where transfer RNA brings amino acids to the growing peptide chain based on their anticodon sequences.
• Ribosome is responsible for protein synthesis.
• Chloroplast: Organelle present only in plant cells that is responsible for photosynthesis.
• Vacuole stores water, nutrients, and wastes.
• DNA is made up of nucleotide monomers joined together by covalent bonds to form polynucleotide chains.
• Vacuole: A large organelle found only in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
• Chloroplast: Organelles present in plants that contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
• Proteins are large biological molecules with diverse structures and functions.
• Mitochondria produce ATP through aerobic respiration.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein production and lipid metabolism.
• Lysosome: Membranous sac containing digestive enzymes used to break down unwanted materials inside the cell.
• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid