UTS

• Physical self


  Refers to the body, the part of us that can be directly seen and observed by everyone
• Physical self


  • Body and self-esteem connection
  • Cultural concepts and standards of beauty
  • Physical self vs Inner self
• Self-esteem


  A person's overall sense of his or her value or worth
• Endomorphs


  • Have lots of body fat, lots of muscle, and gain weight easily
  • Football lineman tend to be endomorphs -- they're heavier and rounder individuals, and they don't have to necessarily be overweight
  • Both Oprah Winfrey and Marilyn Monroe are classic examples of endomorphs
• Mesomorphs


  • Athletic, solid, and strong
  • Not overweight and not underweight
  • Can eat what they want without worrying too much about it
  • Both gain and lose weight without too much effort
• Ectomorphs


  • Long and lean, with little body fat, and little muscle
  • Have a hard time gaining weight
  • Fashion models and basketball players fit this category
  • Some male ectomorphs may not be thrilled with their narrow-chested frames, and some female ectomorphs long for more womanly curves
• Positive body image


  Feeling happy and satisfied with your body, as well as being comfortable with and accepting the way you look
• Negative body image


  Feeling unhappy with the way you look, often wanting to change body size or shape
• Aspects of body image

  • Internal (personal) - how we perceive our bodies visually, how we feel about our physical appearance
  • External (societal) - view of others about our physical appearance which include strangers, our families, close friends
• Long-necked women (Myanmar)


  • Known as the "long-neck" or "giraffe" tribe (Padaung group), the odd practice is a sign of beauty and wealth
  • The rings can weigh up to 25 pounds
• Women showing off their nose jobs (Iran)


  • Women are so proud of going under the knife that they will continue to wear their bandages long after they're needed, in order to show off their beauty
• Stretched earlobe and shaved head (Kenya & other parts of Africa)


  • Members of the Maasai tribe in Africa are known for their practice of wearing heavy jewelry made of stones or elephant tusks to stretch their earlobes over time
  • Maasai men and women consider long-stretched earlobes a symbol of wisdom and respect
• Lip stretching (parts of Africa & South America)


  • A Mursi or Suri woman in Ethiopia, consider a lip plate as denoting female maturity, signaling that she has reached child-bearing age
• Tattoos of Maori women (New Zealand)


  • Māori women in New Zealand have traditionally adorned a tattoo on their chin as a means to attract a mate
  • The tradition is known as Ta moko
• Women with pale skin (Asian countries)


  • Women in many Asian countries abhor the sun because pale skin is a sign of beauty and desirability
• Kajal underlining the eyes (Middle East)


  • In the Middle East beauty is not something that reveals, but something that is kept secret from the human eye, enhancing mystery and a specific charm
• Women with fuller figures (Mauritania)


  • In the African country of Mauritania, drought and famine is common, so being overweight has traditionally been a sign of prosperity
• Indian women accessorize with henna


  • Women in India adorn nose rings, bindis and henna to make themselves more attractive
  • Indian culture has always considered beauty an expression of godliness and something to be revered
• Scarification in Africa is a sign of beauty


  • Women tend to scar their torsos and chest because it is considered sensual and intriguing
  • The scars are used to mark stages in a young girls life, her transformation from childhood to adulthood
  • To men, women with fashionable scars are more sexually appealing and attractive
• Journalist Esther Honig used the online marketplace Fiverr to send out a photo of herself to graphic designers in more than 20 countries to edit the photo to make her look "beautiful" however the designer defined the term
• As long as the fashion industry is the one dictating what is supposed to be "beautiful", be it for men or women, adolescents will never be comfortable and please with their bodies
• The media can cause body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and disordered eating. This is most applicable especially to young girls
• A 2015 study by Laura Romo found that most Mexican American adolescent females in a focus group were aware that being thin is the standard of beauty as shown by white women in movies, television shows, advertisements, and so forth
• Puberty


  The process when the body starts to mature, the stage of development when the genital organs reach maturity and secondary sex characteristics begin to appear, signaling the start of adolescence