BIOMOLECULE

• Macromolecule


  Polymer, built from monomers
• Polymer


  A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
• Monomer


  Small building-block molecules
• Dehydration reaction


  Two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
• Hydrolysis


  Polymers are disassembled to monomers, the reverse of dehydration reaction
• Carbon compounds


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Proteins
• Carbohydrates


  Polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or compounds that yield them after hydrolysis
• Chemical groupings of carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Simple sugars, serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules, have the general formula CnH2nOn
• Monosaccharides


  • Classified by the location of the carbonyl group (as aldoses and ketoses) and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose (aldose), Galactose (aldose), Fructose (ketose)
• Aldoses


  Have an aldehyde group at one end
• Ketoses


  Have a keto group, usually at C2
• Isomers


  Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of the atoms in space
• Fischer projection formulas


  Method of representing the three-dimensional structures of molecules on a page
• Enantiomers


  A pair of molecules that exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed one upon the other
• D/L designation


  Based on the configuration about the single asymmetric C in glyceraldehyde
• Most naturally occurring sugars are D isomers
• Amino sugars


  Contain an -NH2 group in place of an -OH group
• Hemiacetal


  An aldehyde can react with an alcohol to form a hemiacetal
• Hemiketal


  A ketone can react with an alcohol to form a hemiketal
• Anomeric carbon


  The hemiacetal carbon of the cyclic form of a monosaccharide
• Anomers


  Monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons
• Furanose


  A five-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide
• Pyranose


  A six-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide
• Oligosaccharides


  Short polymers containing 2-10 monosaccharide residues
• Oligosaccharides


  • Disaccharide (2 monosaccharides), Trisaccharide (3 monosaccharides)
• Glycosidic bond


  The ether linkage formed when a hemiacetal of a monosaccharide reacts with a hydroxyl on another sugar
• Disaccharides


  • Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose)
• Polysaccharides


  Consist of hundreds of linked monomers of glucose or other simple sugars
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch, Cellulose, Chitin, Glycogen
• Lipids


  Large biological molecules that do not form polymers, are hydrophobic
• Types of lipids


  • Fats and oils
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
• Fats and oils


  Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids
• Fatty acids


  Long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acid products which result from the hydrolysis of lipids
• Saturated fats


  Fats made from saturated fatty acids, solid at room temperature
• Unsaturated fats


  Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids, liquid at room temperature
• Phospholipids


  Major component of all cell membranes, have a bilayer arrangement
• Steroids


  Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, function in maintaining membrane fluidity and signaling