bio

• Pink Pineapples - Yellow Pineapples and Lycopene (an enzyme that changes into color pink)
• Purple Tomatoes-Red tomatoes infused with Snapdragon flowers (containing anthocyanins)
• Golden Rice-Modified white rice to produce Beta-Carotene (Vitamin A) from daffodils
• Rainbow Papaya-Genetically engineered papayas that are infused of PRSV (papaya ringspot virus) to resist infections from the papaya tree
• Naked Chickens-Combination of two sets of alleles: One is naked neck gene (NA) and another is scaleless gene (Sc)
• Glow in the Dark Mice-Inserting a gene from bioluminescent jellyfish to the mice’s DNA causing them to glow
• CRISPR Cows-Deletion of horns to cows resulting hornlessness and inserting Y chromosome to female cattle for muscular physical appearance and male traits caused by the male DNA
• Enviropigs - Genetically modified pigs that produces enzyme phytase (salivary glands) enabling effective digestion of phytate (form of phosphorus found on pig feed) Scientists inserted a transgene sequence that includes an E-coli bacteria phytase gene and a mouse promoter gene sequence.
• Purposes of DNA Recombination


  Agricultural Purposes Ecological Purposes ○ Food Production
• Two Methods of Recombination

  Transformational Recombination, Phage Recombination
• Transformational Recombination


  A DNA fragment from a dead, degraded bacterium enters a competent recipient bacterium and is exchanged for a piece of DNA of the recipient
• Phage Recombination


  Used to construct gene replacements, deletions, insertions, inversions, duplications, and single base pair changes
• Gregor Johann Mendel


  Is known as the father of genetics He discovered the fundamental law of inheritance
• Genetics


  is the study that deals with heredity, variation, and genes in an organism
• Model System


  Mendel carried out his key experiments using the garden pea, Pisum sativum, as a model system. Pea plants make a convenient system for studies of inheritance
• Why are Pea Plants Used in the Experiment?

  Useful features of peas include their rapid life cycle and the production of lots and lots of seeds. Pea plants also typically self-fertilize, meaning that the same plant makes. Both the sperm and the egg that come together in fertilization
• Discoveries


  One form of a feature, such as tall, always concealed the other form, such as short, in the first generation after the cross. Mendel called the visible form the dominant trait and the hidden form the recessive trait
• Types of Generations

  P - Parental Generation ○ F1 - First Filial Generation ○ F2 - Second Filial Generation
• Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which:


  Characteristics such as flower color, plant height, and seed shape were controlled by pairs of heritable factors that came in different versions
• Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which:


  One version of a factor (the dominant form) could mask the presence of another version the recessive form)
• Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which:

  The two paired factors separate during gamete production, such that each gamete (sperm or egg) randomly received just one factor
• Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which:


  The factors controlling different characteristics were inherited independently of one another
• Gene


  e is a DNA segment encoding a trait
• Allele


  An allele is a variant form of a gene
• Gene


  determines an organism's genotype
• Allele


  It determines an organism's phenotype
• Gene


  encompass alleles as a subtype
• Allele


  are categorized as Paternal vs. Maternal, Dominant vs. Recessive
• Gene


  play a role in determining individual traits
• Allele


  contribute to the diversity in phenotype expression
• Gene


  Eye color, skin pigmentation, hair color
• Allele


  Dark skin, blue eyes, brown hair
• Phenotype


  The apparent characteristics of an organism; the way an organism looks
• Genotype -


  The genetic makeup of an organism and the specific alleles of a particular gene
• homozygous 


  same capital or same lowercase
• heterozygous 


  mix of capital and lowercase letters
• Monohybrid Cross


  Is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait
• Dihybrid Cross


  Describes a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits
• All alleles are genes but not all genes are alleles
• Law of Segregation


  every parent's pair of genes or alleles divide and a single gene passes from every parent to an offspring. Which particular gene passes on in a pair is entirely up to chance