Techno

• Scaling


  Understanding the scale used in a blueprint or plan
• Scaling in the English system of measurement

  • 1/4":1' scale - 1/4" on paper is equivalent to 1 foot in actual construction
• If the building plan shows the length as 10 feet, the actual length on the drawing paper is 2 1/2"</b>
• At the bottom of the drawing paper you can see the scale used
• Concrete works


  The first construction work on a new structure is the excavation for the foundation where the building will rest
• Concrete works


  • Require a solid and level bed bottom to support the concrete
  • Based on the lot plan, foundation plan and footing details
• Foundation plan


  Determines the type of soil, weather, and weight of the building to know how deep the foundation should be and the thickness and length of its footing
• Site or lot plan

  Shows the location of the building in the site where it is going to be constructed, including the distance from the roadside and property line, and where the garden, playground, path, and laundry will be
• The mixture of concrete on the building foundation should always be first class, a 1:2:3 mixture
• The reinforcement of steel bars should be followed strictly according to the plan to ensure a strong and solid foundation
• Concrete mixture classes


  • Class AA: 1 bag cement, 1 1/2 bags sand, 3 bags gravel
  • Class A: 1 bag cement, 2 bags sand, 4 bags gravel
  • Class B: 1 bag cement, 2 1/2 bags sand, 5 bags gravel
  • Class C: 1 bag cement, 3 bags sand, 6 bags gravel
• Concrete walls


  Made of solid concrete or concrete hollow blocks, with horizontal bars placed on top of every 3 layers and vertical bars placed every 1 1/2 blocks
• Almost all flooring on the first level of residential buildings are made of concrete, some reinforced with steel bars
• Rebars


  Steel bars used to reinforce concrete to make it 10 times stronger to resist breakage and 100 times stronger from tensile stress
• Bill of materials


  The list of materials needed in a project, identified by type, quantity and cost, using the working drawing as a guide
• Board foot


  Lumber that is 1 inch thick, 12 inches wide and 12 inches long
• Calculating board feet


  1. T" x W" x L" / (12 x 12)

  2. Where T = Thickness, W = Width, L = Length
• Masonry


  The art of working on bricks, stones, and concrete
• Materials used in masonry

  • Cement
  • Aggregates (sand and gravel)
  • Water
• Portland cement is the most extensively used cement in building construction
• types of bill materials

  lumber

  hardware

  finishing materials
• Walls are made of solid concrete which is a mixture of cement, sand and gravel, or concrete hollow blocks which are made of cement and sand mixed with water and mortar in fill.