geo case study

• Northwood


  • Community in Orange County
  • Located on southern edge of Los Angeles
  • Conurbation about 30km east of Newport Beach on Pacific Ocean
  • 22,000 people live in Northwood
  • 8,200 households
  • 1/3 of households have kids school age
• Income


  • Well-off
  • Median income is $86,500 a year (National is $52,250)
  • University of California, Irvine is the largest employer
  • Blizzard Entertainment, and Broadcom are located here
  • Kia, Mazda and Toshiba have their HQ's in Irvine
  • People work office jobs in well paid
• Education


  • The University of California, Irvine
  • Schools are among the best in the country
  • 68.5% of residents aged 25+ have a university degree
  • 20.5% of residents have a masters of doctorate/PhD
• Age/Gender/Ethnicity


  • Many residents are white
  • Many residents are Asian/Vietnamese
  • Most families have children of school age
• Housing Conditions


  • Single, detached family houses on large plots of land
  • 91% of households own their home (not rent)
  • 2/3 have lived in their home for 10+ years
  • Average household size is 2.8 people
  • Eucalyptus trees
• Environmental Quality


  • Air pollution is low
  • Avoids smog from Las Angeles
  • Eucalyptus trees
  • Mediterranean climate
  • Easy to access beaches
  • No water pollution
  • Homes have private access to clean, drinking water
• Health


  • High standard of health care
• Access to Resources


  • Good quality, well-built large housing
  • Clean water and food
  • Sanitation
  • Education is excellent
  • Healthcare is excellent
  • Lots of job opportunities
  • Household income is high
  • Residents can afford good healthcare
  • Air pollution is low
  • Water is not contaminated-waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid are not an issue
  • Malaria is not an issue
  • Excellent standard of healthcare compared to most AC's and other settlements in the USA
• Future


  • One of highest ranked cities in USA
  • In economically tough times, income stays high
  • Future looks very good for Northwood and Irvine
• Jembatan Besi


  • Jakarta, Indonesia
  • Jakarta population: 256 million
  • 10 million people live in Jakarta
  • Jembatan Besi is a slum
  • Ciliwung River
  • Population: 4000
• Environmental Quality


  • Air pollution due to kerosene used for cooking
  • Toilets flush into the street
  • No clean running water
  • Groundwater is polluted by sewage
  • Water diseases like cholera and typhoid are common
  • Malaria is common due to humidity
• Income


  • Low so demand for cheap housing exceeds supply
  • Average is US$4 per day but income is irregular
  • Selling food and second hand goods
  • Garment industry is large
  • Children provide income so miss out on education
• Education


  • Insecure employment
  • Unskilled casual labour
  • Self-employment
  • Poor schools
  • Children don't finish school but start work instead to provide money for their families
• Housing Conditions


  • Densely populated
  • Well-built ground floor
  • Original houses had extra floors added
  • Scrapwood and metal
  • Fire is a risk due to kerosene, overcrowding, and improvised electrics
  • No sunlight on ground floors
  • Bare/exposed light bulbs
  • Few homes have toilets
• Health


  • Limited access to food and water
  • Very few houses have toilets
  • Toilets flush onto street
  • No access to clean water
  • No access to sanitation
  • Water pumps available are highly polluted
  • Little protection for factories, few health and safety precautions
  • Sanitation doesn't exist
  • Homes don't have toilets
  • Toilets flush into street
  • No clean water
  • Groundwater supplies are polluted
  • Malaria
  • Water-borne diseases EG: cholera, typhoid
• Demographics


  • Children work
  • Women work in garment industry
  • Migrant workers only live in Jembatan Besi for a few months
• Future


  • Won't disappear in foreseeable future
  • Jakarta Housing and Administrative Buildings Agency identified 892 community units planned for improvement
  • Clearance makes it worse
• Causes of De-industrialisation: increase in cheap labour, TNC, Governments, Global shift, Globalisation, Time-space compression
• 1986-present Birmingham City Council spent 1 billion on regeneration projects EG Brindley Place, MA, Dung
• The Library created 4000 jobs in the Bull Ring
• Consequences of Key Players: Middle class grew, Increased wealth, Decrease in heavy manufacture, People moved from rural Ireland to Birmingham, Manufacturing employment halved from 1971-1987, More diverse cultures EG occupationally and also due to migration, Pollution increased drastically due to industrialisation
• Consequences: Decline of secondary sector, Decrease of manufacturing in Birmingham, 150,000 jobs lost in the car manufacturing sector from 1971-1987, Inner city has become derelict
• Characteristics before Industrial Revolution: Industrial, Poor, Back to back housing, Matthew Boulton, Gun-making, jewellery and brass industries dominated, 1700: population was 15,000
• Role of Players in initiating Economic Change: De Birmingham Family purchased a royal charter in 1166 which allowed them to hold a market, In 1953 William Canden said the town was "warming with inhabitants and echoing with the note of anvils, Matthew Boulton was a key player, as he established Birmingham's first factory in 1761
• Players


  • Council
  • Architects
  • TNC's
  • EU
  • Town planners
  • Residents
  • Government (national and local)
• Economic Change: Job opportunities created in new sectors EG law, banking, Differentiation between rich and poor has become more significant EG: housing type and quality, Transport and infrastructure has improved and developed
• fishing is an important source of income for many people living along the coastline.
• agriculture is the most important industry as it provides food security to the population.
• the main industries are agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, manufacturing, construction, tourism, and services
• the main industries are agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, manufacturing, construction, tourism, and services
• The fishing industry provides employment for thousands of people worldwide.
• The fishing industry provides employment for thousands of people worldwide.
• tourism is becoming increasingly popular due to its beautiful beaches and cultural heritage sites.
• tourism is becoming increasingly popular due to its beautiful beaches and cultural heritage sites.
• Some fish species have been overexploited due to unsustainable fishing practices.
• Some fish species have been overexploited due to unsustainable fishing practices.
• Some fish species have been overexploited due to unsustainable fishing practices.
• The economy of Bangladesh is primarily based on agriculture, accounting for approximately 20% of GDP and employing around 48% of the workforce.
• The economy of Bangladesh is primarily based on agriculture, accounting for approximately 20% of GDP and employing around 48% of the workforce.
• The economy of the region is based on primary production such as farming, fishing, and logging.