BIO

• Lipids


  These are diverse group of molecules that contain regions composed of entirely hydrogen and carbo, with non- polar C-C and C-H bonds that make them hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
• Neutral lipids


  The commonly found lipids in cells which serve as energy-storage molecules
• Storage Lipids


  accumulate when cells are provided with an excess of nutrients.
• Fats


  group of lipids, are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids, hence called triglycerides.
• Fats


  fats surrounding internal organs acts as cushions protecting them from shocks and injuries. They also serve as insulators protecting animals from extreme cold.
• Saturated Fat


  Meat, dairy products, eggs, coconut oil, palm oil Solid at room temperature Raises LDL cholesterol and TAG levels Increases insulin resistance
• Unsaturated Fat


  Avocados, nuts, seeds, olives, natural nut butters, plant oils Liquid at room temperature Lowers LDL cholesterol and raises HDL cholesterol Decreases insulin resistance
• Phospholipids


  are subgroup of lipids and are a major structural component of all cell membrane. They are made up of glycerol, fatty acids and a phosphate group. Examples: Cephalins and Lecithins
• Cephalins


  acts on the uppermost layer of skin, where it gets readily absorbed. It restores and strengthens the epidermis and helps carry out natural barrier related functions more efficiently. As a result, skin looks younger and rejuvenated.
• Lecithins 


  works as an emulsifier, meaning it suspends fats and oils and keeps them from mixing with other substances. Lecithin supplements can be purchased to help treat high cholesterol, as a breastfeeding aid, and to treat ulcerative colitis, among other things.
• Sphingolipids 


  contain organic amino alcohol sphigosine and are located in the cell membrane of mammalian cells and serve as structural components as well as adhesion sites for proteins of extracellular tissue.
• Waxes

  These are simple lipids consisting of long chain alcohol and a fatty acid joined by esther. They are found as coating of leaves and stem to prevent excessive loss of water in plants.
• Steroids


  are composed of a ring structure where a variety of functional groups can be attached.
• Cholesterol 


  is an essential component of animal cell membrane which regulate membrane fluidity, intracellular transport, endocytosis, cell signaling and nerve conduction and is converted to bile which is stored in the gallbladder
• Sex hormones 


  which include the male hormone testosterone and female hormones, progesterone and estrogen are responsible for the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
• Andrenocorticoid hormones 


  include aldosterone which regulates the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidney tubules and cortisol which increases glucose and glycogen concentrations in the body.
• Ergosterol


  is converted to Vitamin D by ultraviolet radiation.
• Protein


  These are large, complex molecules composed of many smaller molecules called amino acids.
• Essential amino acid


  those that are not naturally produced by the body and are obtained through consumption of foods rich in protein.
• Non-essential amino acid


  which our body can produce even if we do not get it from the food that we eat.
• Nucleic acid


  These are macromolecules more which complex store information that determine the type and structure of all specific proteins found in an organism's body
• Nucleic acid


  are polymers made up of monomer called nucleotide. Each nucleotide is composed of three components which are covalently bonded together.
• 5 common nitrogen bases

  1. Adenine (A)

  2) Cytosine (C)

  3) Guanine (G)

  4) Thymine (T)

  5) Uracil (U)
• Deoxyribonucleic acid

  similar to a blueprint for a builder which carries instructions that control the activities of the cell. It is located inside the nucleus of the cell.
• Genes


  DNA segments carrying specific genetic information
• Ribonucleic acid

  similar to a builder, uses those instructions to make proteins. It is named after the ribose sugar found in the molecule's backbone.
• Messenger RNA

  transmits genetic instructions coded in the DNA inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm particularly in the ribosome where it is translated into amino acids to produce proteins.
• Transfer RNA

  found in the cytoplasm of the cell and translates the codon of mRNA into amino acids by attaching amino acids to the ribosomes facilitating protein synthesis.
• Ribosomal RNA

  the protein factory of the cell and are abundant in the cytoplasm.